A Research Study On Stem Cell Research - 2605 Words

â€Å"I truly believe that stem cell research is going to allow our children to look at Alzheimer’s and diabetes and other major diseases the way we look at polio today, which is a preventable disease† (Solomon). Susan Solomon was the researcher that founded the New York Stem Cell Foundation and has been seen as the hero for stem cell scientists around the world. Over the past couple years, stem cell research has been at its highest; scientists all over the world are using these cells to try to find new ways to cure life threatening diseases. There has been experiments where scientists have used stem cells to treat patients that have been brain dead and they use the cells to be placed on the dead portion of the brain and it then starts making the dead portion become functional again. Also, some scientists and doctors have tried using stem cells as a source of transplant for major organs, like: lungs, liver, and even the heart. The main goal of stem cells is to repair p arts of a body due to injury because they are pluripotent. Pluripotent means that they can change into any cell in the body, it could be like: blood cells, brain cells, lung cells, etc. They are believed to divide without limit, and without the body thinking about it and morph into these specialized cells naturally. The first sign of stem cells is when a mother becomes pregnant, during the first 4-5 days, the embryo divides into thousands of tiny cells. Once one of those cells is taken from this group, the wholeShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1644 Words   |  7 PagesStem cell research has covered many parts of research today and is growing progressively and becoming more common in research today. These cells have the potential to grow and develop into any other cell type in the body and form or make up the tissues of the body and organs. There are millions of people today who suffer from birth defects or diseases because of damaged cells or tissue. Stem cells give researchers the ability cure and replace almost all the cells in the body and help grow new tissueRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesComposition Stem Cell Research According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary a stem cell is â€Å"a simple cell in the body that is able to develop into any one of various kinds of cells (such as blood cells, skin cells, etc.).† There are two types of stem cells, embryonic and adult. The adult stem cells can can be found in brain, bone marrow, blood, etc. The embryonic stem cells come from a four to five day human embryo during the blastocyst phase (Crosta) . The controversy behind the topic usually stems fromRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1324 Words   |  6 Pageslike this. He knows that stem cells could help cure him from his misery, so he has been fighting and fighting for stem cell research to be fully funded in America. Stem cells are cells that have the skill to change into any type of cell in the human body (Lewis). These cells could be put anywhere ill in the body to make it healthy again. Imagine all of the people with chronicle diseases and cancer being able to have hope for being happy and healthy again. Also, these stem cells can fix damaged organsRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research2115 Words   |  9 PagesStem cell research, through its ethics, methods, and funding, has caused great controversy over the past several decades. Scientists, medical specialists, religious groups, spiritual groups, the government and the public have devoted a major interest in this subject. Some portray stem cell research as a dangerous, inhumane study whereas others see it as a growing beneficial factor for opportunity of the advancement of the medical world. Stem cell research has been proven to aid various diseasesRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1665 Words   |  7 Pages Stem cells have advanced the way researchers look at curing what were once considered untreatable diseases. Modern technology has played a key role in the discovering of these stem cells and how they are used in the body. Many argue that the use of adult and embryonic cells is unethical and inhumane to society, however, there is one point taken into consideration when making that statement; if researchers could develop a cure for a disease that was affecting a family member of those who oppose itRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1307 Words   |  6 PagesStem cell research is a controversial, yet fascinating field of study. The examination of stem cells has captivated political, scientific, and public interest for many decades. Therefore, numerous scientific research studies have been done to determine the exact purpose of stem cells, as well as their beneficial properties. Stem cells have been noted as powerful deterrents when studying and fighting against disease. It is understood that almost every cell in a person’s body has one main functionRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cell Research A stem cell is defined as having â€Å"the ability to make specialized cells for various tissues in the body, such as heart muscle, brain tissue, and liver tissue† (umm.edu) Two of the most commonly studied stem cells are adult and embryonic. Adult stem cells are cells that have already became specialized, such as heart or muscle tissue. Embryonic cells on the other hand are still in development. This means that with some modifying, then an embryonic stem cell can develop into almostRead MoreA Research Study On Embryonic Stem Cell Research1618 Words   |  7 Pagesfield of science, embryonic stem cell research. This field involves research that could develop cures or methods of preventing, treating, or medicating people afflicted with these debilitating, often deadly disorders. This field, unfortunately, is not supported by everyone. In fact it is so controversial, that in America, federal funding is not allowed. This severely limits the opportunities that these special cells can provide. Yet scientists continue to research these cells, because they feel thatRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell1225 Words   |  5 Pages My research about stem cells, I will be talking about what a stem cell is. Why are stem cells important from a medical perspective? How are stem cells being used today? Where do scientists get stem cells? Why is so much controversy over the stem cells? How does a zygote develop into a baby? Why a zygote is considered a stem cell? A stem cell is an immature cell that can help reproduce different types of cells throughout the body. There are three types of stem cells that I will be focusing on : adultRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell1680 Words   |  7 Pageslife, cells make up every organ and body part of a living organism. Among various types of cells of human bodies, a stem cell can turn into any type of specialized cell of human body. A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to develop into any conceivable different kind of specialized cell type. The existence of a stem cell was first discovered by Drs. James Till and Ernset McCulloch from Canada. A stem cell can be distinguished into two types: adult stem cell and embryonic stem cell. An embryonic

Causes and Effects of Poverty Free Essays

Causes and Effects of Poverty In the U. S. , there have been statistics that show that 15 to 25% of the population is living in poverty. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes and Effects of Poverty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Poverty is known as not being able to provide bare minimum requirements to survive, such as food and shelter. There are many causes that associate with poverty, that could include unemployment rates or people believe that some people are just lazy. The effects of poverty can be substantial. It effects people’s health, environment, and causes deprivations. The unemployment rate is still high today, which means there are people who still live in poverty. Some people are not just lazy; it just seems that it is difficult to find employment right now. Many people that are in poverty are because they did not continue their education after high school and many jobs are requiring degrees. Another reason some people are in poverty, is because they made mistakes in their past and when they try to make their life right they have difficulty finding employment. There are many reasons for poverty, but most of the causes are the unemployment rate. An effect of poverty is malnutrition. Malnutrition during infancy and childhood years can cause many great complications with development. Many children that suffer from malnutrition could have poor immune systems, developmental problems with their nervous system, or even brain damage. Compared to children that are not poor, children in poverty are two to three times more likely to have some sort of mental or physical disability from malnutrition. Children who grow up in poverty are also usually unlikely to finish their education. Many children in poverty are about 75 percent less likely to graduate high school than a child that is not poor. Even if a child that grows up in poverty does graduate high school, they are less likely to continue their education with college. As a matter of fact, less than four percent of children in the lowest quartile of family’s income do not graduate college. In today’s world education is important. Many jobs today will not hire people without an education or even without a college degree. All in all, poverty is a big issue. It has been for a long time, just maybe one day the government will help fix the issue. It is not fair for all the children that live in poverty to suffer because their parents work so hard just to make ends meet. Education is the key to success these days, and we should all make sure our children are aware of that at a young age. Works Cited Chitranshi, Mansi. â€Å"Cause and Effects of Poverty. † Articles Wave (2009). Hill, Lewis E. â€Å"The Institutional Economics of Poverty: An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Poverty. † Journal of Economic Issues (1998): 279-285. Hunt, Matthew O. The Individual, Society, or Both? A Comparison of Black, Latino, and White Beliefs about the Causes of Poverty. September 1996. Lamson, John. â€Å"Exploring the Ecology of Poverty. † Human Ecology (2009): 4-9. How to cite Causes and Effects of Poverty, Essay examples

Portrayal Of Women In Hip Hop Songs English Literature Essay free essay sample

Disrespecting and Violent Attitude toward Women. It has been around three decennaries since hip hop emerged on the American cultural scene. The music genres which are associated with hip hop cultural phenomenon, particularly gangsta blame and R A ; B are believed to specify street youth civilization. These two hip hop music subgenres seem to be more influential than the other as there is more accent put on lyrical content than the music itself. The copiousness of expressed words and messages in the vocals makes them besides controversial. Before listening to gangsta rap vocals, one must be prepared most of all to hear highly expressed linguistic communication. The great figure of derogatory footings embedded in the vocal wordss is particularly upseting as they are greatly addressed to adult females adult females of coloring material in peculiar. Most of the instances involve name naming and violent attitude directed more likely at adult females in general than a peculiar individu al. Womans in those vocals are largely placed in a sexual context and called e.g. , bitch, prostitute, hoochie, slattern. Promoting violent sex subject was good documented in the Kubrin and Weizer s research on the sample of 403 Amercian hip hop vocals produced throughout the 1992-2000 but besides noted in other articles/books etc. on the vocals from the period 1987 1993.[ 1 ]The bookmans have found that the chief intent of such vocals is to warrant force against adult females and do it a legitimate tool of societal control.[ 2 ]In such a position hip hop music promotes a set of gendered norms and enforces countenances for those who do non stay those set up regulations. Eminem s vocal Kill You,[ 3 ]for illustration, describes adult females as vile, deadly, volatile bitches . Many other popular rappers, like Redman, Outcast, degrade adult females to being a chickenhead coined by association with giving unwritten sex. Whilst such footings are normally perceived as dyslogistic, there are cases they may sound slightly positive. One of the most successful rappers, Ludacris, in his hit vocal Pimpin All Over the World blame: I used to believe that it was manner excessively cold, til I went to Canada and saw some beautiful hoesaˆÂ ¦ [ 4 ]And harmonizing to Ja Rule every hood needs a down buttocks bitch [ 5 ], i.e. a miss who is tough, and demonstrates her solidarity with her adult male and the pack they belong to. While these footings may non transport derogative intensions in these vocals, adult females are still positioned here within the sexual position. Interesting to notice is a fact that violative footings aimed towards work forces are normally words with feminine intension ( bitch, cunt ) : I m slick and slippery/ On a high-velocity pursuit all the manner to the triumph. / Yall niggaz is stone cold enigmas. / Too weak, ca nt stand in the ring with me. / Put a cunt back in his topographic point, straightlaced. [ 6 ]It besides seems like to mortify adu lt females goes manus in manus with acquiring regard from the other work forces. Work force are referred to be procurers who can acquire a batch of hoes . ( aˆÂ ¦ ) Legalize pimpin for all the pleyas, puttin all right buttocks bitches in the streets and the goon. [ 7 ]While in most of the vocals degrading adult females motives would look indiscriminately throughout the vocal, there are besides instances in which that would be the chief subject. The best illustration is Too $ hort s Ai nt Nothing Like Pimpin : Ai nt nil like a female parent sleep togethering bitch! / You nasty, one time a month hemorrhage, female parent screw, awful buttocks, female parent sleep togethering bitch! / I hate your female parent sleep togethering buttocks. To warrant their attitude towards adult females, many rappers give many grounds for making so, such as adult females being excessively shallow: We could nt acquire no drama from the ladies. / With seven niggers in a Nav [ Navigator ] is y ou brainsick? / So we all said screw you bitch and kept turn overing. [ 8 ] Sometimes verbal disrespecting turns into violent threatening. Harmonizing to Kubrin and Weizer aggression towards adult females appeared in about 18 per centum of the hip hop vocals analyzed by them.[ 9 ]Extreme ill will towards adult females represent the vocals of Eminem s where he attacks his relations, particularly his female parent and antique married woman in Under the Influence: all bitches is hoes, even my stinkin buttocks ma .[ 10 ]He even threatens to kill them: Bitch Ima kill you! / You do nt wan na screw with me. / Girls leave you ai nt nuttin but a slattern to me. He besides seems to be absolutely cognizant of the fact his wordss cause contention. In the same vocal he admits to that: Oh, now he s ravishing his ain mother/abusing a prostitute, snorting coke/ and we gave him the Rolling Stone screen? ( Eminem, Kill you )[ 11 ] Violence covers a wide spectrum in hip hop. Not merely is it perceived as a legitimate tool of use between work forces but besides serves as an reply for noncompliance of adult females. Such insubordination is interpreted in many ways. Harmonizing to the rapper Dr. Dre: snobby-ass bitches get slapped out of malice .[ 12 ]Another popular performing artist Mase warns his possible sex victims to acquire tested on sexually transmitted diseases beforehand or else: If she make my nuts scabies, I kill that slattern bitch .[ 13 ]Eminem seems to hold issues with adult females in general and promotes force as the lone communicating agencies between work forces and adult females. Assuming and presuming power on adult females in hip hop vocals are frequently represented by descriptions of unsmooth sex: Hit you with the gumshoe, do your kidneys shift/ I m guaranteed to sleep together her boulder clay her nose bleed. [ 14 ]Kubrin and Weizer noted four repeating cases of force in the American gangsta blame vocals. Rappers pride themselves on sex Acts of the Apostless that are harmful to adult females. They justify other Acts of the Apostless of force and threaten adult females who try to withstand male domination. They besides seem to promote other work forces to fall back to violence Acts of the Apostless whenever they find it suited. Violence seems to be the most appropriate response to adult females who abuse such gendered protocol, i.e. do nt cognize their topographic point . Womans as Sexual Objects The impression of sexual objectification means that a individual is perceived through the prism of physical attraction with neglect to the individual s rational abilities.[ 15 ]Kubrin and Weizer, in their paper on the misogynism in blame music stated that sexual objectification of adult females was noted in 67 per centum of the vocals analyzed.[ 16 ]The chief decision drawn from these wordss is that adult females are merely good to fulfill work forces s sexual pleasances. The rubric of one of the N.W.A vocals, Findum, Fuckum, and Flee. may function as credo of the street codification, harmonizing to which work forces s end would be chase of pleasance and sexual development of adult females.[ 17 ]Puff Daddy s purposes are brazenly blazing in: Name me Sean if you suck, name me gone when I nut. / That s the terminal of us, acquire your friend to sleep together [ 18 ]. While his fellow rapper, Too $ hort, candidly admits the lone thing he would seek to acquire from adult females is se x without strings attached: I ai nt Romeo, Prince Charming, or a knight in reflecting armor./ I m merely out to sleep together a bitch, fuck tryin to capture her. I treat a all right buttocks bitch like dirt./ No money in her bag, a screw is all it s worth./ Cause Short Dawg ll neer provide to you hoes./ And if you ai nt fuckin, I say subsequently to you hoes. [ 19 ] A pretty distressing fact surfaced in this Xzibit s vocal. Judgment by the wordss, adult females are considered to be work forces s belongings: You got breasts and ass./ But I got a gumshoe and some cash./You ai nt talkin turn shit./ Then Ima knock, bitch./ On three, on me, bitch, you my belongings. [ 20 ]This brings back to life one of the atrociousnesss of bondage, when black adult females were frequently forced to maintain exploitative sexual dealingss with their slave Masterss in exchange for better intervention, nutrient, or merely to fulfill the oppressors impulse.[ 21 ]It seems that even though the American society has come a long manner from the times of bondage, black adult females are nowhere near to being treated as free, independent persons. As the American civilization critic bell hooks points in her book Ai nt I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, that black adult females in America have been oppressed from the 17th century boulder clay today by white work forces, blac k work forces every bit good as white adult females. She argues that adult females of coloring materials have been omitted by the white feminist motion every bit good as the civil rights motion. The writer perceives feminist motion as being a white center and upper category battle which showed no involvement in issues of adult females of coloring material. Black adult females found themselves trapped into confines both gender and race. Therefore, they have neer been liberated from the institutionalised sexism patriarchate, and racism. Additionally, in bell maulerss sentiment the Black Power motion was both patriarchal, misogynous. Equally much as it aimed to get the better of racial divisions it besides sought to reenforce the male chauvinist 1s.[ 22 ]Black male attitude towards their female opposite numbers presented in figure of hip hop vocals manifests their chase to maintain adult females subordinate. Nowadays many rappers frequently express how they would set adult females in the right topographic point, as Too $ hort: Hoes be nothin but slaves for me, / ready to travel to their Gravess for me. ( Too $ hort, Pimp Me )[ 23 ], or Xzibit: ( aˆÂ ¦ ) I m difficult on my hoes that s how it goes./ Bitch, acquire up off your toes, and acquire my six-four [ Chevrolet ] ( Xibit, Pussy Pop ) .[ 24 ] Daniel Patrick Moynihan, an American politician and sociologist, in his study The Negro Family: The Case for National Action, besides known as Moynihan Report, released in 1965 analyzed the information from the U.S. section of labour and drew a decision that black adult females had important advantages over the black work forces to be employed therefore they could supply for the household more efficaciously. He besides suggested that the traditional African American family is ruled by the matriarchal and castrating adult females, an archetypal Mammy, which would connote that black work forces were symbolically castrated by their female opposite numbers. In order to halt debasement of the Negro household, black work forces need to seek the ways to reconstruct their manhood.[ 25 ]The wordss of modern-day hip hop vocals suggest that by degrading adult females, rappers may seek to recover their manhood. They suggest that the lone desirable image of a black adult female is the promiscuous and highly-sexed one as in Redman s: I turn an independent adult female back into a hoochie.[ 26 ]Ill-famed B.I.G. humiliates educated misss: I like em educated, so I can break off on their spectacless .[ 27 ]These stereotyped images have their roots in the times of bondage in America. Southern white males would see black work forces and particularly adult females as possessed by their hypersexuality. The ground for such guess might be cultural differences between Western Europe and Africa of the clip. European travellers who visited Africa were frequently stunned to see semi bare native black adult females and normally accepted polygamy. Nakedness in that clip was perceived as a manifestation of indecency. The travellers embraced such a flooring experience by presuming that all black adult females are promiscuous by nature. They contrast between the clad Victorian ladies and bare native African adult females may hold prompted premises that white adult females, on the contrary t o black adult females, are civilized and sexually pure. Hence the symbol of black adult females reinforced by such word picture was Jezebel .[ 28 ]It seems that African American adult females could non get away from the image of an instinctively promiscuous Jezebel assigned to them back in the bondage epoch. Stereotypes that were set at that clip still affect black adult females today. What is more, the stereotype of a seductive and obscene black adult female has been perpetuated by their male opposite numbers. As the Jezebel image applied to black slave adult females might hold been a manner to warrant ill-treatment they were given, such logical thinking applies besides today.[ 29 ]Another justification for disrespecting adult females may be a ferocious equal force per unit area on immature work forces in ghettos. Male promiscuousness is extremely valued at that place.[ 30 ]Casual sex with no committedness gets a adult male proud spot of a participant, proves of his maleness and helps to acquire regard from the others: I had niggas doing stakes like, did he sleep together her yet? / Ask her did he touch her bandeau, when I say nah they say ahh / So tomorrow I use that force per unit area to discase her. [ 31 ]The Kubrin s research shows that boasting about sexual accomplishments was present in 58 per centum of the vocals.[ 32 ]Most of it implied how easy for a participant is to speak a miss into holding sex: You see I order one bottle, so I fuck with one model/ Then I order more bottles, now I/ got more models/ I m from that metropolis where them niggaz do nt play mayn/ I take a biddy to my/ room like caveman/ So inquire your girlfriend my name ( aˆÂ ¦ ) .[ 33 ] Womans are besides treated as a symbol of accomplishment. Having a batch of insouciant sex proves that you are either a participant or have a batch of money. As these seem to be the lone agencies of acquiring a miss into sexual intercourse in the ghetto: Say Canis familiaris, what kinda nigga be on top of the universe? /Million dollar position got me on top of ya miss. [ 34 ]Ability to sexually delight a miss is perceived as a symbol of your high position. Below there is an illustration of how the rappers fondle their self-importance in that affair: While your bitch be shouting delight do nt halt . . . I fuck her like I know you wont./ If that s your bitch, homeboy you d break maintain her Cause she wo nt remain off my pager. [ 35 ]The female is used here merely to partake in a sexual competition between work forces. Womans can non be granted any regard from the rappers, as they are described to be every bit much interested in heavy imbibing, sex, and money as work forces. The lo ne difference here is that a adult male will be positively referred to as a participant or a procurer but a miss will be ever called a bitch . Lyrics imply that if a miss is being promiscuous and greedy it besides justifies the ill-treatment she receives from work forces as in hit vocal The Gangsta, the Killa, and the Dope Dealer: All on the grass [ marijuana ] , every bitch passed [ out ] / A foremost non last, when we all hit the buttocks. [ 36 ]Womans are treated as a trade good which can be consumed, used, passed to person else and given out: I know the cunt s mines, Ima fuck a twosome more times/ And so I m through with it, there s nil else to make with it./ Pass it to the homie, now you hit it/ Cause she ai nt nuthin but a bitch to me. [ 37 ] Prostitutes are the authoritative illustration of sexual objectification and development. Such image of a adult female is to be expected in hip hop music since it has emerged out of ghetto scene. This subject has been found present in fifth part of the vocals analyzed by Kubrin and Weizer.[ 38 ]Prostitution and pimping are celebrated by rappers and classified as a justifiable agency of economic accomplishment.[ 39 ]These subjects do non look to be taken into consideration by any other music genre. Some rappers to acquire more credibleness claim to hold been a existent life procurers ( Ice- T, Snoop Dogg, Jay-Z, K-Luv ) . Pandering has a broader significance in hip hop than merely pull offing cocottes. To pander something can intend to patronize it or to accessorize it. The term procurer is frequently used as a replacement for participant, a adult male who mastered in scoring adult females or streetwalkers who show off with their nouveau riche assets[ 40 ]. This sort of a procurer smart imagination is a popular subject among rappers. Some even devote the whole vocals to romanticize such life styles: The fancy autos, the adult females and the caviar. /You know who we are/cuz we re pimpin all over the universe. [ 41 ]There is besides a figure of rap vocals in which we can happen a batch of mentions to the standard definition of a procurer adult male who headhunts and employs cocottes. Kubrin s research takes into history this standard definition and notes that this subject was detected in 20 per centum of the misogynous vocals.[ 42 ]Most of them contain the same message that adult females are good merely to sell sex and work forces can assume the right to entree to their organic structures: No demand for remainder haven these hoes Let s demo em what they pussy made field-grade officer Let s me and you lay in these hoes And demo em what they pussy made foaˆÂ ¦ . Let s go forth without payin these hoes And demo em what they pussy made field-grade officer .[ 43 ] Such images are present even in RNB which is supposed to be focused more on the beat and music than less abundant in expressed lyrical content: Ace mizzy acquire all the hoes. / Gon na learn them shit they want to cognize. / Like screw that purulent buttocks 9-4 girl./ Make that pail a pot of gold .[ 44 ]These wordss convey highly upseting misogynous messages particularly that hip hop aspires to be considered as a true voice of the urban ghetto. In that instance, judgment by the wordss, the ghetto seems to populate procurers, procurers in preparation and cocottes. While adult females are being described as sexual objects, work forces get the message to care for the life of a procurer. Women seem to be painted with the same coppice and non considered as an single human existences. The lone interaction between these two parties boils down to a scenario of what a procurer would make to a cocotte. Womans Not to Be Trusted Another piece of advice, repeating in many hip hop vocals, is the 1 that a adult male has to be careful of whom they put trust in. And adult females seem to be the least trusty. Harmonizing to Kubrin and Weizer about half of the misogynous vocals exposed such attitude of distrust towards adult females.[ 45 ]Another fact worth detecting here is that the deficiency of trust is directed at all adult females with no exclusion. All adult females in general are considered slippery evil animals. For some rappers a inquiry How could you swear a Ho? [ 46 ]is instead a rhetorical one. Others unveil specific grounds why they ca nt trustem . In a vocal byaˆÂ ¦ a immature miss is non merely promiscuous but besides will certainly lie to you about her age which will acquire you in problem and most likely put you in prison: See nowadays adult male you got to cognize these bitches age/ Cause they ass be existent fast when they be goin through that stage. / You fuck a miss that s immature, a nd you gon na stop up in the coop. [ 47 ]Women solidarity is criticized. There will be no point in supporting yourself as the female parent will be on her small miss s side: Cause her ma ai nt tryin to hear that you neer knew her age. [ 48 ]Not merely do adult females stand up for one another but will besides seek to acquire some material compensation from you. Some rappers, like Nas, warn that it is a bad thought to coerce adult females into holding sex, non because of the atrociousness of this act, but colza accusal that may follow: Do nt take the cunt, if she fightin/ Cause you saw what happened to Tupac and Mike Tyson./ Specially if you big [ celebrated ] , some hoes is trife [ petit larceny ] / Get you on a colza charge, have you servin your life. [ 49 ]Despite being convicted of colza, a legendary pugilist Mike Tyson and rapper Tupac Shakur, were considered as the most famed heroes of the hip hop coevals in 1990s. This fact good illustrates the gender struggle of that coev als. During and after the test, many black male church leaders defended Tyson claiming that the whole procedure was an effort of the white supremacist to destruct a well-known black adult male. The president of the National Baptist convention in USA was suspected for offering a payoff to the Tyson s plaintiff. For a significant back male portion of the society the issue was non about gender but about racism.[ 50 ]This illustration proves of an utmost solidarity within African American male society. Countless hip hop wordss strongly reinforce the thought of confederacy theory that is purportedly drawn by the evil system and adult females. Tyson was accused and sentenced for a day of the month colza on 18- year-old Miss Black Road Island. Tupac Shakur heard the same charges from his groupie whom he forced to hold a group sexual intercourse with. These two events may hold influenced a figure of hip hop creative persons who thirstily express a batch of misgiving in beautiful adult femal es. Such attitude against beautiful adult females permeates throughout many hip hop vocals. It seems to be more than certain these ladies will seek to lead on you with their expressions and take advantage of you in no clip. They are considered by the rappers to be steerers for set up. There are figure of vocals which describe such process: You know they [ adult females ] might be the one to put me up. / Wan na acquire they little brother to wet [ kill ] me upaˆÂ ¦/ Bitches be schemin , I kid ya non. / That s why I keep my Windowss locked and my Glock cocked. [ 51 ] Another manner for adult females to put work forces up is to acquire pregnant. This seems to be non merely the concern of the rappers, but besides a common bias among the male in ghetto vicinities. Anderson states that to claim a kid is against the street codification of hit and run [ 52 ]. The rappers warn their male audience: Why works seeds in a soiled bitch, waitin to flim-flam me? / Not the life for me. [ 53 ]Owning up to gestation means non merely rear of barrel of the codification but besides committedness which is condemned by the equals. But the greatest concern of work forces would be paying child support: I ai nt lettin nothin leak cause if things leak, so I m a get caught/ And I ca nt acquire caught cause you know how they do it about that kid support./ Shit, bitches is cold on a nigger who ai nt got his game tight/ Geting 18.5 per centum [ child support payments ] half your life. [ 54 ]By and large talking, aggregation of child support is a job in the times of cris is, particularly for unqualified Afro-american workers. A tough pick has to be made, whether to provide for your ain demands or your kid s. As the money for the kids upbringing goes to their female parents pockets, the male defeat and bitterness towards adult females grows. Bing broke does non fit the image of the self-proclaimed procurer or a participant. No more participant, no Shorty the Pimp I get paid, deviate a cheque and acquire 40 per centum. All the homies talkin bad, hair down, walkin sad Got the wide livin with me, baby sayin Dad! aˆÂ ¦ I could seek to mack once more but the bitches wo nt desire me Cause I m all washed up, broke, fat, and funky. I lost everything that I worked to be Never thought I d be a fast one, payin hoes to function me. [ 55 ] The wordss make it obvious that adult females can non be trusted because they are a jeopardy to work forces procurers . If they do non acquire you in prison or ridicule you in forepart of your equals and impede your image of a hood, they well certainly run out your pocket. And this is what rappers seem to be the most dying about. Geting rich ( aˆÂ ¦or dice seeking by 50Cent )[ 56 ]seems to be the largely frequent motivation of all. And the streets seem to be filled with gold diggers on the prowl merely interested in you because of your money: Watch the honeys look into your style/ Worthless, when they worship, what you purchase./They merely see ice [ diamonds ] , non me, under the surface/What s the intent? [ 57 ] Gold Digger by Kanye West may function as the best illustration of a vocal that describes a seductive, yet avaricious adult female who takes advantage of work forces.[ 58 ]This type of a adult female is largely feared by those work forces who climbed up the so cietal ladder, became business communities, or famous persons and like to demo off their late acquired wealth. They ( who? ) are considered to be the easiest marks as they feel no bounds for distributing money and self-praise about their richness. She ( who is she? ) is described as a really slippery cutie the bomb . Once she has set her sight on her super rich male mark, the first thing she will seek to make is capture him by her gorgeous expressions, and seduce him. She will seek to intermix in his elect circle to acquire to him. In no clip she will do him pass money on her and her friends and he will make it merely to affect her. And if you expect to acquire a opportunity with her you would break comply with the regulations of her game. Her chief end is to procure her life with her quarry s money. If she fails to drag his pess down the aisle, she will acquire pregnant merely to acquire procure her life with his money anyhow. Oftentimes it happens that after 18 old ages of payin g the kid support the babe turns out to be non his. Whilst work forces in hip hop vocals do non see anything incorrect in taking advantage of adult females, they seem to fear of acquiring such favour returned by them. Their concern is besides non to acquire ridiculed in forepart of other work forces. If that happens, Kanye West gives them a self explanatory reply back: she ai nt messin humor no broke niggaz. [ 59 ]There is besides a message to black adult females in general in the last stanza of this vocal. No affair if you are a gilded digger or you are being a down to earth misss and stick to your adult male regardless of his stuff position, there is a bad stoping for you anyhow. If he is ambitious plenty, he will acquire rich Oklahoman or subsequently. However when it happens, he will: go forth your buttocks for a white miss . This suggests that white adult females are ranked higher than black adult females in the hip hop societal hierarchy. Harmonizing to the findings of t he survey on the he consequence of images of African American adult females in hop hop on striplings sleek hair texture and lighter tegument tone would be considered as the chief determiners of female attraction[ 60 ]. These traits would be most sought for by both male and female who participated in the study. Besides historically these characteristics were used as steps of societal, political and economic significance for African Americans. Those who resembled European Americans would be located higher in the American societal strata.[ 61 ]Such guess may hold influenced the chase of white adult females by black work forces. The image of a strong, castrating black adult female versus a pure and submissive Victorian lady perpetuated throughout the old ages may be besides considered as an account for black work forces captivation with white adult females. Yet still, ( all, or black, or white merely? ) adult females are considered as an object, or an accoutrement to get wealth or as ag encies of mounting the societal position ladder. Decision The reappraisal on hip hop wordss, blame produced by male creative persons in peculiar, has revealed a batch of upseting messages particularly about black adult females and their position in the urban society. A great figure of wordss purposes to increase male domination over adult females. Womans are portrayed as being merely sexual objects in the work forces s universe. It is the universe where a particular codification of behavior has been drawn by the male procurers who set normative regulations that turn adult females into obedient cocottes. They aim to make a system in which adult females are low-level to work forces in a figure of ways. Some bookmans / observers explain being of such messages in blame music as a reaction to the feminist motion. They argue that blame music aims to distribute the word among the male portion of the urban society in order to perpetuate adult females s inequality and convey back power to work forces.[ 62 ]Kubrin and Weizer in their survey do non cl aim that the misogynism portrays hip hop music in general. Not all of the vocals shame adult females, but the objectification, strength of abuses and prolongation of force towards adult females stand out to the extreme. There are excessively few positive images that could equilibrate the negative out and cast more flattering visible radiation on adult females. Such positive images in hip hop vocals frequently refer to female visual aspect or gender instead than inner beauty or rational accomplishments. Ne-Yo sings that he dreams about a Miss Independent, yet her independency remainders on the thought that: she acts like a boss/ made for a boss/ ( aˆÂ ¦ ) her measures are paid on clip. [ 63 ]Another rapper s demands for his dream miss are instead sexual: I need a lady in the streets the monster in the sheets. [ 64 ]On the whole, affirmatory images are barely present? here, as the contention and sex seem to sell better. All the misogynous vocals analyzed have made it to the Bil lboard list or are included in the albums which attained Pt position. This means that production of such vocals is non merely accepted by the music industry but besides the great figure of consumers who listen to it and purchase albums. If hip hop aspires to be the voice of the urban communities, it means that the tendency towards ill-treatment and objectification of adult females have become a really distressing fact.

Landmarks in social welfare provision Essay Example

Landmarks in social welfare provision Essay SOCIAL POLICY Introduction Social Policy is a term which refers to some kinds of regulations, statute law, rules and operations that get into the life position helpful to human public assistance. It is the survey of societal issues that has a important relationship for human well-being. And the systems should be promoted for the well-being of human being. The Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics defines societal policy as an interdisciplinary and applied topic concerned with the analysis of societies responses to societal demand. It involves in recognizing the theories and some rules of societal subjects. The societal policy covers psychological science, geographics, jurisprudence, sociology, environment, political relations, economic sciences etc. It affects our mundane life that we can populate by. Basically societal policy is concerned with critical demands as in instruction, health care, H2O, nutrient, shelter that can do a life worth to populate. The publicity of intervention of ill, giving support to physically disable individual is the portion of societal policy. In short, societal policy is the survey of human well-being and intends to extinguish those jobs which are obstructions for human well-being. We will write a custom essay sample on Landmarks in social welfare provision specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Landmarks in social welfare provision specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Landmarks in social welfare provision specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Undertaking 1 Explore the historical and modern-day landmarks in societal public assistance proviso In the clip of 1901 to 1945 there was some of import landmarks for societal public assistance in united land. The authorities of united land introduced some public assistance plans to guarantee human well-being and to increase the living criterion. The important landmarks of societal public assistance are- 1901Seebohm Rowntree’s foremost survey of poorness in York, Poverty: a survey of town life. 1908Old Age Pensions Act: means-tested pensions from age 70. 1911National Insurance Act: illness insurance and limited commissariats for unemployment 1920 Unemployment Insurance Act: non-manual workers included. 1940Old Age and Widows’ Pensions Act: pension age for adult females reduced from 65 to 60. 1945Family Allowances Act: ?0.25 a hebdomad for each kid after the first. 1948National Assistance Act: Poor Law abolished. 1959National Insurance Act: calibrated pensions introduced. 1966Supplementary Benefit replaces National Assistance. 1971National insurance invalidness benefit introduced. 1975Social Security Pensions Act: province earnings-related pensions ( SERPS ) . Earnings-related national insurance parts introduced at 5.75 % . 1976One-parent benefit introduced 1977-79 Tax-exempt kid benefit phased in, replacing nonexempt household allowance and child revenue enhancement allowances. 1986Social Security Act: three major Bills in one. 1988Tax cuts and benefit cuts Top rate of income revenue enhancement down from 60 % to 40 % . Standard rate of income revenue enhancement down from 27 % to 25 % . 1994 Budget introduces ‘welfare to work’ steps to ease passage into paid work and promote full-time work. Assorted steps piloted Introduction of kid attention allowance for certain parents claiming household recognition and related benefits. 1996 Jobseeker’s allowance replaces unemployment benefit and income support for the unemployed. Contributory benefit is paid for 6 months alternatively of 12 and the degree is reduced for 18-24 twelvemonth olds ; jobseeker’s understanding is introduced. 2001Children’s Tax Credit introduced – a revenue enhancement allowance for those with kids. 2006The Government’s White Paper Security in Retirement proposes an increasing retirement age, personal nest eggs histories, and a basic province pension uprated in line with net incomes from 2012. 2008Welfare Reform Act 2007 comes into force. Equally good as doing minor alterations to profit statute law, it introduces a Local Housing Allowance to simplify Housing Benefit for in private rented renters. Analysis the quality of life for the service users have improved over clip The authorities has recognized the positive part of service users in societal attention planning and development of society. Service users are taking active and effectual portion in societal attention and wellness attention services. The societal theoretical account of disablement was made cardinal for service users by the authorities. It became the demand of independent life. Service users are interested in what work can assist them to carry through their intents and better their life. Examination of the past and current societal policies related to the wellness and public assistance demands of the population of United Kingdom during the period of political alterations and passage during and after the World War 2. The authorities took back the authorization of the local authorities board and national wellness insurance committee in 1919 under the accoucheuses act. There was some issues that roses by some groups interested in wellness and societal public assistance which affected their life as in Unemployment Poverty Health insurance Mental wellness Maternal and infant mortality Nowadays the authorities has taken some major public assistance plans for human well-being. Some of them are as Social Insurance Programs- It is concerned with the anterior net incomes and paysheet part which is based on pecuniary demand of a human being. Unemployment insurance- It provides fiscal support to an person when they are unemployed. Workers’s compensation- this is the 3rdof import plan. It says workers should be compensated if they are affected by fatal hurt from work or for other relevant standards. They besides should acquire medical aid. Explanation of the alterations in ideological attack since 1945 have impacted on modern-day societal policies After 1945 there had been a extremist alterations in assorted facets as in adult females rights. The authorities gave adult females the equality in the society. Children were being abused before 1945. The authorities had passed a jurisprudence that prevents it. Nowadays these kind of Torahs are practiced across the universe. Designation and application schemes to happen appropriate solutions Very specific regulations should be developed to happen a more accurate solution Heavy brainstorming to recognize the nucleus jobs Develop a long term program to increase societal consciousness Contemplation of work and justification of decisions Prior to the 1945 societal policy rules and patterns in the society was obscure. After 1945 societal policy was acquiring into form which is contributing for human public assistance. The society is acquiring the good impact of societal policy by recognizing and back up those policies. Undertaking 2 Key wellness and societal policy legalisation and short treatment about how the political leaders managed the station war societal public assistance policies Parliament is the lone house in where jurisprudence can be passed by the parliament members. This procedure starts with a measure of act base on balls through in the parliament. This act can originate from the parliament member or civil society or any other beginnings. If the authorities agree these proposal so it will set before the parliament. It will come up in the treatment on the footing of importance and dependencies.by formal regulations this should undergo with audience procedure. If the maximal parliament member supports the act, they will give their consent. And they set a class of action about wellness policies. After this the act can merely come in the whole system and the people should obey this act. There are some factors that affects wellness including biological factor, populating criterion and nutrition factor. Very important factors impacting United kingdom’s people wellness are smoking, association for intoxicant, bad diets and deficiency of exercising. If people are willing to alter their attitudes toward wellness so it is really easy to extinguish those factors to harm people. The modern-day political relations is a influential factors that can act upon the policy shapers to develop policy for their ain involvement. After the 2nd universe war the authorities of United Kingdom had introduced a station war consensus which covered the mix economic system, Bolshevism, unemployment, foreign personal businesss etc. after 11945 the authorities had launched some lodging policies to rehabilitate people. They opened a window to construct up educational centres, lodging undertakings, medical centre etc. the chief aims of lodging policies is that construct a friendly vicinity. The authorities intentionally extinguish the restrictions and reconstruct a free economic system to stabilise the state. B. Measure the impact of these policies and results Basically wellness attention and societal attention is the fact which is related to ‘care services’ . But it should be segregated from political relations and the current authorities. The UK authorities is profoundly focused on the separation of societal and wellness attention. If these two organic structures separated so it causes a major job in the society. It affects the society severely. It increases the medical intervention charge and other societal installations. The UK authorities intends to bind these Ts: two entities together. The authorities ensures that service users benefited by holding: Schemes for wellness publicity Health and safety Manual handling Data protection Food handling Care pattern Mental wellness Children Disability Design and use appropriate methods To do a successful design of societal policy some elements are to be considered. They are depicted below- Finding out factors that can impact the policy Analyze the environment in where the policy will follow Choose appropriate people doing policy To use policies the authorities should develop a proper system so that the policy can convey the proper result. There would be some drawbacks in the system. If the policy shaper take those drawbacks under consideration so it is expected to bring a better result. Duty for pull offing and forming activities Basically policy makes for the improvement of people. Each and every policy is a undertaking. It includes a immense undertaking to be done to convey outcomes. At first the responsible authorization should do a proper policy that can cut down obstructions from society. The authorization should take the duty to pull off the undertaking. To implement policy the authorization must form activities to follow the policy. Undertaking 3 Analysis the modern-day policy developments in Health and Social Care in the UK By and large, The UK government’s societal and wellness attention section works to plan a policy that delivers a societal attention system which enhances their self-respect and position, for all categories of people. The Government attempt to supply this installation in a broad scope as possible they can. They wanted to supply medical aid in wide scope for each people. Public wellness spheres and complementary wellness scenes are the current enterprises taken by the authorities. Besides those there are few policy that act every bit initiatives as wellness attention such as gender, cultural issues, disablement etc. for keeping that sort of policies, they has imposed some kind of ordinances. They were besides advancing their enterprises through local telecasting webs. They have besides taken enterprises in educational sector and nutrition sector. They did some educational runs and supply good diet charts for all. In those enterprises there is a opportunity to be linked up with a multi-agency partnership which creates 1000s and assorted sorts of occupation chance that can assist extinguish unemployment job. Evaluation the impact of the current policy enterprises on wellness and societal attention service users The United Kingdom’s authorities possesses a really impressive methods to guarantee that the policies, events and plans are practiced and delivered in broad scope in an efficient and effectual mode to peoples. The UK authorities committed to do grounds based policy. It is enrolled to UK authorities to possess a high quality policy rating. This procedure requires policy shapers and those individuals who will implement these policy to utilize the best available resources and grounds. Which is available in national statistics, national achieve, regulating agents etc. the authorities took over some scheme that includes public disbursement and revenue enhancement in the policy rating procedure. How can these policies to better quality of life of service users? The United Kingdom’s authorities tried to heighten the quality of life of their service users. For this purposes they took over assorted public assistance policy for their service users. Though it is a really hard undertaking to bind together these two entities, the authorities still making the occupation really expeditiously. If these entities breaks loose so many systems will be broken down. If those entities separated so those entities will be segregated and operated independently. Ex- infirmary discharge charge will be riser than old yearss if those two entities will segregate. This kind of policy can better the policy user’s life by take parting interested groups which works for their improvement. And these work as their representative in wellness attention system. They can besides take part in public hearing procedure and publically appointed councils as a member. Undertaking 4 Evaluate recent developments in Health and Social policy The authorities of United Kingdom supply a good finance to wellness and societal attention section to develop rules and guidelines to guarantee the societal public assistance for human well-being. The most recent and of import – Public wellness The authorities took some tough action against smoking. They banned smoking in public topographic points, banned tobacco advertisement in some topographic points. Under 18 elderly people could non purchase coffin nail from stationary store. They imposed baccy company to attach graphical warning about bad effects of coffin nails in coffin nail packages. By taking those actions England had the control over baccy. The bosom onslaught rate had fallen to 211 % . At last the public wellness position is in a good status due to this policy devising. Children and households The authorities launched every kid affairs project for the improvement of every kids. This undertaking introduced a new attacks for the well-being of kid, start at the clip of taking birth. Child protection After the decease of Victoria climbie the societal worker started to work on protection of child issue. They wanted a great communicating system between constabulary, instruction and children’s services. There was a positive result of their work. Social attention Social attention was so much neglected by labour authorities. Finally, the societal came into their ain way in 2005. In that clip the antediluvian system split up and the kids service section was created. They took some advanced policies that brought advantages to people. That was the twelvemonth at that place was a turning concerned issue about older people. Several politicians was profoundly concerned about older people when they were retired from occupation. Politicians brought the issue into lamplight. Then they took over some enterprises for the improvement of older people. Condemnable justness In the last decennary the universe sees the extremist alteration in the condemnable justness sector. The figure of prison officers is being increased by authorities for supplying a good care to the felon. The prison and probation installations is besides been increased. In 2000 there was around 24000 prison officers look after 65000 captives. And now there is around 29000 prison officers for looking after 85000 captives. There is crisp addition of condemnable offense, brought them to the justness. So there is monolithic additions in fixed P [ punishment mulcts. Analysis the differences in formation and acceptance of societal policy enterprises from other positions The societal and wellness attention policy has emerged in 20Thursdaycentury in United land. To do a great state the authorities provides assorted public assistance benefits to the citizen as in educational installation, communicational installations, wellness services etc. Health attention services has controlled by the private sector in USA. The authorities has launched some occupational insurance policy to command the wellness attention services. The USA authorities does non take part in those undertakings. In Japan, they are besides every bit like as USA. They besides gave these undertakings to the private sector. The private sectors operates wellness attention services and develop policies for the improvement of their citizens. There are many states like western Europe, the wellness attention system is operated by both private sector and province. The province makes policy and private bureaus comply those policies. It is a good scheme to hold control over the whole wellness attention system. In Waless, the wellness attention system is patient centre focused. The authorities is apt to reply to all citizens in this system. There is some communities responsible for doing rules, regulations and policies. In Scotland they follow a different system. There is a contract between authorities and single citizens. In England the policy ensures the betterment of wellness attention services rater t5han the policy. The system is maintained by a contract between the authorities, services and the clients. Why national Health and Social policies need altering over clip to react to the emerging social-political and economic tendencies The policy can’t be framed by some regulations or rules. It is ever a affair of alteration. The universe is altering twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours bit by bit. So the old system can’t work in the new changed universe. New policies should be developed to accommodate with the new universe. Otherwise the system will fall in down. Every twenty-four hours there are some new jobs comes into the lamplight that should be dealt with. Harmonizing to Margaret Thatcher ‘We offered a complete alteration in direction’ . Changes should be done in a way that brings the benefit to the service users and to the statute law for the accomplishing their ends. we see that there is rapid growing of population, technological revolution is taken topographic point. In this state of affairs the old policy arises a at odds issue with these. Although any policy that involves with important alterations related with major cost that will necessitate political support accomplishment s but that should be done one twenty-four hours to get by with the altering universe. Decisions Since 1945 the authorities has recognized the value of societal public assistance and policy. The people of the nation’s understood the importance of the societal public assistance for increasing their criterion of life, self-respect and opportunity of populating independently. The UK authorities made some important landmarks in assorted sector after the Second World War. They increase the adult females rights. The political leaders lead the state in the economic adversity after Second World War. They made some important act to better the parliament act. They introduced some act such as wellness act and societal attention act. In that clip the authorities was profoundly concerned about those two entities as in wellness attention and societal attention. They are intended to bind them with each other. The UK authorities ever tried to distribute out the public assistance undertaking to every citizen of the state. Besides the medical aid they besides did some educational run and t ook some societal consciousness undertaking. In the blast decennary we saw some betterment in wellness attention and societal sector. There is been alteration in public wellness, condemnable justness, protection of kid, immature and old people issues. In every state there are some kind of societal policy are possessed. Many states are in contract between citizens. Many states transferred this occupation from public to private sector. In the border of globalisation everything is altering quickly. In the age of technological revolution the policy can non be fixed in old mode. The policy should be changed with the altering universe to make better for people.

Free Essays on DRAM

INTRODUCTION Three years ago, there wasn't much to say about sytem RAM. Almost all PCs came with fast page mode (FPM) DRAM, which ran at speeds between 100ns and 80ns. However, escalating CPU and motherboard bus speeds outstripped the ability of FPM DRAM to deliver data in a timely manner. Nowadays there are a lot of different memory designs. Due to cost considerations, all but the very high-end (and very expensive) computers have utilized DRAM for main memory. Originally, these were asynchronous, single-bank designs because the processors were relatively slow. Most recently, synchronous interfaces have been produced with many advanced features. Though these high-performance DRAMs have been available for only a few years, it is apparent that they will soon be replaced by at least one of the protocol-based designs, such as SyncLink or the DRDRAM design from Rambus, Inc. and Intel. RANDOM ACCESS MEMEORY Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell. The opposite of RAM is serial access memory (SAM). SAM stores data as a series of memory cells that can only be accessed sequentially (like a cassette tape). If the data is not in the current location, each memory cell is checked until the needed data is found. SAM works very well for memory buffers, where the data is normally stored in the order in which it will be used (a good example is the texture buffer memory on a video card). RAM data, on the other hand, can be accessed in any order. RAM BASICS Similar to a microprocessor, a memory chip is an integrated circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors. In the most common form of computer memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a transistor and a capacitor are paired to create a memory cell, which represents a single bit of data. The... Free Essays on DRAM Free Essays on DRAM INTRODUCTION Three years ago, there wasn't much to say about sytem RAM. Almost all PCs came with fast page mode (FPM) DRAM, which ran at speeds between 100ns and 80ns. However, escalating CPU and motherboard bus speeds outstripped the ability of FPM DRAM to deliver data in a timely manner. Nowadays there are a lot of different memory designs. Due to cost considerations, all but the very high-end (and very expensive) computers have utilized DRAM for main memory. Originally, these were asynchronous, single-bank designs because the processors were relatively slow. Most recently, synchronous interfaces have been produced with many advanced features. Though these high-performance DRAMs have been available for only a few years, it is apparent that they will soon be replaced by at least one of the protocol-based designs, such as SyncLink or the DRDRAM design from Rambus, Inc. and Intel. RANDOM ACCESS MEMEORY Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell. The opposite of RAM is serial access memory (SAM). SAM stores data as a series of memory cells that can only be accessed sequentially (like a cassette tape). If the data is not in the current location, each memory cell is checked until the needed data is found. SAM works very well for memory buffers, where the data is normally stored in the order in which it will be used (a good example is the texture buffer memory on a video card). RAM data, on the other hand, can be accessed in any order. RAM BASICS Similar to a microprocessor, a memory chip is an integrated circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors. In the most common form of computer memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a transistor and a capacitor are paired to create a memory cell, which represents a single bit of data. The...

750 Word Essay

George Strait was born on May 18, 1952 in Poteet, Texas. George’s father, John Strait, was a junior high school math teacher and his mother was a homemaker. George was in fourth grade when his mother and father divorced. George grew up with only his brother and their father taking care of them. After high school, George eloped to Mexico with his high school sweetheart. When they got back, their families made them have a small ceremony for family and friends to make it really official. George enlisted and began serving in the army in 1971. While in the military he was stationed in Hawaii for three years. Norma moved to Hawaii to be with George. In 1972 George and Norma had their first child, Jenifer who died in a car accident at the age of 13. George taught himself how to play the guitar while in the army, playing country music from hit artists like Merle Haggard, George Jones, Hank Williams, and Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys. He started a band that only lasted two months. George found out that the commanding officer was auditioning groups to entertain the base. George was hired and didn’t have to wear a uniform and got to wear western style clothing. After being honorably discharged from the army in 1975, Strait went back to college and got a degree in agriculture. During and after college George played in a band for different bars and honkytonks. This band was known as The Ace in the Hole. George joined this band after seeing their advertisement at college. One of the band member’s grandfather was Pappy Daily who was the manager of George Jones. George began playing for more and more bars and honkytonks. This started his singing career. Don Daily encouraged George and the band to come and record a demo to distribute to record companies. George played at The Prairie Rose (whose owner was Erv Woolsey until he sold it). Erv went back to Nashville and got a job as the promotions head at MCA Records. George went to Nashville and played some songs for promos, but nothing seemed to click. He kept going back and forth from Texas to Nashville with nothing to show for it for the next four years. In 1979 he almost gave up on his dream of becoming a country music singer and signed up for a job working for an outfit in Uvalde, Texas that designed cattle pens. Norma didn’t like George moping around, so she told him to give it another try. He decided to give it one more year. In 1980 George went and talked to Erv Woolsey, and they formed a plan that George would come and record three songs. With the three songs they started shopping for a record deal. Finally, he hit it with MCA Records. When George finally started his career he was considered the hat act, so in the 1990’s every guy in country music tried the cowboy hat. In early country music, cowboy hats weren’t in high fashion, but with George Strait it became a signature style in country music and that led to George being known as the original hat act. In 1981 he released his first single, â€Å"Unwound. † That same year George and Norma had another child: George Harvey Strait, Jr. (Bubba). George then followed â€Å"Unwound† up with number one hits like â€Å"Fool Hearted Memory† and â€Å"Ocean Front Property† time and time again. In 1984, George was announced Top Male Vocalist for Academy of Country Music. In 1985, George was announced Male Vocalist of The Year and had the Album of The Year for the Country Music Association (CMA) and Academy of Country Music (ACM). In 1986 he won Male Vocalist of The Year again for the CMA’s. In 1986 and 1987 he was Top Country Artists for Billboards. In 1988 George won Top Male Vocalist again for the ACM’s. George continued to win these awards year after year until 1990. In 1990 George became Entertainer of the Year, the award he wanted most. He won the award again in 2000. In 1992 George starred in the movie Pure Country. In the opening song to the movie, â€Å"Heartland,† his son, Bubba, sings the beginning of the song and the vocals fades into George Sr. singing the rest of the song. Even though the movie wasn’t as big as his music, the soundtrack to the movie was considered his best album ever. He still continues to produce number one hits and records. In 2006, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. George was announced as Artist of the Decade in 2009. George has had the best track record for country music in history. On February 2, 2012 George became a grandfather with his grandson becoming George Harvey Strait, III. George will be ending his touring career after his The Cowboy Rides Away Tour in 2014, but will still be making and recording country music. George Strait has 59 number one hit records and is known as a living legend and the â€Å"King of Country Music. † I choose to do this paper for the final because I thought it was stronger than my 1500 word paper. This paper to me had more meaning and I was interested in it more than the other one. With this paper I have been given the opportunity to send it to George Strait, himself, to have it signed. I think this paper is going to help me out for a contest to win tickets to one of his shows. This paper has more meaning for me since I am such a big fan.

Literature Review of Corporate Governance and Dividend Policy Dissertation

Literature Review of Corporate Governance and Dividend Policy - Dissertation Example The global economy is confronting with an earning conflict because of excessive managerial remuneration in major enterprises throughout the world. To investigate on the perpetrators of economic recession, the high managerial pay and extreme risk taking activities were cited as prime suspects. Among the two issues, the managerial pay leads to the primary focus and incited many public as well as political outrages. For instance, the insurance major named AIG was nearly shattered because of bad business performance and abundant remuneration scales. It was seen that AIG had paid almost 165 million USD of bonus amount to 400 employees in London. In Wall Street, the bankers gave themselves almost 20 billion USD as bonus in the year 2008 even when the economy was decelerating down. The government also expended huge money to assist the financial institutions. It was alleged that this type of ignorance for the expenditure and the outcomes of the managers’ actions have generated the eco nomic crisis. The ethnicity, customs, spawned managerial remuneration plan with incentive that promote the unnecessary risk taking had given light to the economic crisis. The laws and regulations along with corporate boards were highly criticized for autonomous management of organizations. (Thompson, 2009). Excessive Managerial Remuneration in the USA Several reports stated that excessive managerial remuneration in the USA has taken overwhelming economic levy in American society and intimidated the control in corporate sector, government and nonprofit area and created volatility in the economy. It has been observed that average employees in the USA need to work hard for a whole year to generate one day’s salary of most of the CEOs listed in the Fortune 500’. The gap between the lowest and maximum salary was extending. This salary inequality has endangered the basis of the USA democracy, management, and produced situation for financial instability. According to the repo rt of ‘United for a Fair Economy’ (UFE), the CEOs in the big companies get almost 10.8 million USD as total remuneration, which is 364 times higher compared to the average American employees. The amount excludes the cost of bonuses and stocks and if included the amount will increase to a

Ethical Egoism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Ethical Egoism - Essay Example Though ethical egoism has a particular plea, the concept has been virtually collectively forbidden as a satisfactory ethical idea. Ideally, one of the greatest straightforward condemnations is that ethical egoists characteristically pervert altruism, the guideline that opposes ethical egoism and foundation ethics on a concern for other people’s welfares (Rachels & Rachels, 2010, 2011). Conversely, a conclusive opposition to ethical egoism comes from the author Rachels. From his point of view, He parallels ethical egoism with bias in terms of its theoretical structure. Racists split all individuals into clusters and treat persons contrarily based on the feature of one’s race but have no defense for closing that their own race is any superior to others, therefore rendering discrimination a random policy (Rachels & Rachels, 2010, 2011). Likewise, ethical egoists claim that people divide the entire world into two groups of individuals and that we repute the welfares of those in the first collection as more vital than the interests of those in the subsequent group. The egoist may offer no defense for the difference between the two sets. Therefore, Rachels completes that ethical egoism is a subjective principle and that others must be given the identical ethical reflection as us because their qualities and requirements are similar to our own (Rachels & Rachels, 2010, 2011). Altruism is a feature of ethical thinking in which it is claimed that ethical verdicts must be based upon the welfares or well-being of other individuals instead of self-interest. On the other hand, Ethical egoism is considered to believe that a person must do what is in his/her own self-interest. Generally, what is in a persons’ self-interest might parenthetically be harmful to others, advantageous to others, or unbiased in its influence. This implies that altruistic actions are not the result of ethical egoism (Rachels & Rachels, 2010, 2011).  

Causes of the Civil War Essay Example for Free

Causes of the Civil War Essay ââ€"  North was opposed to slavery while the South was pro slavery ââ€"  The primary conflict of the civil war was whether the states had the right to decide what they wanted to do with slavery. (radical abolition vs pro slavery) ââ€"  One of the arising conflicts that led to the American Civil war was the growing abolition movement in the North ââ€"  which was an effort to end slavery in a nation that valued personal freedom and believed all men are created equal. ââ€"  Abolitionists: William Lloyd Garrison: The voice of Abolitionism. Originally a supporter of colonization, Garrison changed his position and became the leader of the emerging anti-slavery movement. His publication, THE LIBERATOR, reached thousands of individuals worldwide. His ceaseless, uncompromising position on the moral outrage that was slavery made him loved and hated by many Americans. Although The Liberator was Garrisons most prominent abolitionist activity, he had been involved in the fight to end slavery for years prior to its publication. In 1831, Garrison published the first edition of The Liberator. His words, I am in earnest — I will not equivocate I will not excuse. I will not retreat a single inch — AND I WILL BE HEARD, clarified the position of the NEW ABOLITIONISTS. Garrison was not interested in compromise. He founded the NEW ENGLAND ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY the following year. ââ€"  Frederick Douglass: Born a slave in Maryland escaped to MA in 1838, became an outspoken leader of antislavery sentiment. Douglass served as an adviser to President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War and fought for the adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights and other civil liberties for blacks. He provided a powerful voice then that was championing human rights. He is still revered today for his contributions against racial injustice.He also helped people escape to the North from the underground Railroad. ââ€"  Pro Slavery: John C. Calhoun: He believed that slavery was a â€Å"good positive good.† Calhoun endorsed slavery as a good — a great good, based on his belief in the inequality inherent in the human race. Calhoun believed that people were motivated primarily by self-interest and that competition among them was a positive expression of human nature. The results of this competition were displayed for all to see in the social order: those with the greatest talent and ability rose to the top, and the rest fell into place beneath them.The concepts of liberty and equality, idealized during the Revolutionary period, were potentially destructive to this social order, Calhoun believed. With the stratification of society, those at the top were recognized as authority figures and respected for their proven wisdom and ability. If the revolutionary ideal of equality were taken too far, the authority of the elite would not be accepted. Without this authority, Calhoun argued, society would break down and the liberty of all men would be threatened. Political short terms : ââ€"  Dred Scott (1795-1858) was a slave who, in the 1840s, chose to sue his masters widow for his freedom. He argued that his master, John Emerson, escorted him onto free soil in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, and thus had legally—even if inadvertently— granted him freedom. In 1857, the case reached the United States Supreme Court. The Justices ruled against Scott. John Emersons widow had since remarried, and she returned Scott, his wife, and his daughters to their owners, the Blow family, in May 1857, just months after the ruling. Both Dred and Harriet Scott died shortly thereafter, never to witness the legacy of their fight.The Dred Scott case was a major event on the road to the Civil War. The Supreme Courts provocative opinion—which stated flatly that blacks had no rights which the white man was bound to respect and rejected the right of any territory to ban slavery within its own borders—inflamed public opinion in th e North, leading to a hardening of anti slavery attitudes and a surge in popularity for the new antislavery Republican Party. ââ€"  The south wanted less government control, and more state freedom, while the North welcomed the central power of a government. ââ€"  Because of the strong animosity toward abolitionists in the South and the thought that Abraham Lincoln embodied these abolitionist ideals, he was left off of the ballot in many Southern states, and the more radical of the states, including South Carolina, threatened to secede from the Union if Lincoln was elected president. Despite believing that the Republican Partys platforms were too moderate, abolitionist, for the large part, supported Lincoln. Lincoln lost the popular vote by nearly two million votes yet won the Electoral College by nearly sixty votes. Despite the fractured Democratic party, had they nominated only one president and still maintained all the votes the received between three candidates, they still would have lost the election regardless of also having more popular votes than Lincoln. The election itself is possibly the most significant election in American history due to the monumental issue of slavery and how divided the country was, so divided that when Lincoln was elected (it was only the second national presidential campaign ever run by the newly formed Republican Party), radically proslavery states of the South kept true to their threat and seceded from the United States. (he was a free soiler, he was willing to let slavery stay in the south as long as it did not spread.) ââ€"  The South viewed the election of Abraham Lincoln, as president, as a threat to slavery. After Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, the South threatened to secede from the United States that questioned â€Å"State Rights.â₠¬  Economic short and long term causes: ââ€"  the vast majority of industrial manufacturing was taking place in the North. The South had almost 25% of the countrys free population, but only 10% of the countrys capital in 1860. The North had five times the number of factories as the South, and over ten times the number of factory workers. In addition, 90% of the nations skilled workers were in the North. ââ€"  The labor forces in the South and North were fundamentally different, as well. In the North, labor was expensive, and workers were mobile and active. The influx of immigrants from Europe and Asia provided competition in the labor market, however, keeping wages from growing very quickly. ââ€"  The Southern economy, however, was built on the labor of African American slaves, who were oppressed into providing cheap labor. Most Southern white families did not own slaves: only about 384,000 out of 1.6 million did. Of those who did own slaves, most (88%) owned fewer than 20 slaves, and were considered farmers rather than planters. Slaves were concentrated on the large plantations of about 10,000 big planters, on which 50-100 or more slaves worked. ââ€"  Since Eli Whitneys 1793 invention of the cotton gin, the cotton industry became a lucrative field for Southern planters and farmers. Utilizing slave labor, cotton planters and farmers could cut costs as they produced cotton for sale to other regions and for export to England. In exchange, Southern farmers and planters purchased manufactured goods from the North, food items from the West and imported luxuries like European designer clothes and furniture from England. The growth of the Southern cotton industry served as an engine of growth for the entire nations economy in the antebellum (pre-war) years. ââ€"  The other critical economic issue that divided the North from the South was that of tariffs. Tariffs were taxes placed on imported goods, the money from which would go to the government ââ€"  Southern Congressmen generally opposed it and Northern Congressmen generally supported it. Southerners generally favored low tariffs because this kept the cost of imported goods low, which was important in the Souths import-oriented economy. Southern planters and farmers were concerned that high tariffs might make their European trading partners, primarily the British, raise prices on manufactured goods imported by the South in order to maintain a profit on trade. ââ€"  North, however, high tariffs were viewed favorably because such tariffs would make imported goods more expensive. That way, goods produced in the North would seem relatively cheap, and Americans would want to buy American goods instead of European items. Since tariffs would protect domestic industry from foreign competition, business interests and others influenced politicians to support high tariffs.

William Faulkner Essay -- essays research papers

William Faulkner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner is one of America's most talked about writers and his work should be included in any literary canon for several reasons. After reading a few of his short stories, it becomes clear that Faulkner's works have uniqueness to them. One of the qualities that make William Faulkner's writings different is his close connection with the South. Gwendolyn Charbnier states, 'Besides the sociological factors that influence Faulkner's work, biographical factors are of great importance…'; (20). Faulkner's magnificent imagination led him to create a fictional Mississippi county named Yoknapatawpha, which includes every detail from square mileage of the county to the break down of the county population by race. Faulkner's work also includes stories from the past and present. David Minter says, 'His works take us into regions and spaces we can never directly know, and also back in the time to worlds lost before we were born'; (Preface X). Of course, Faulkner's personal life has added a certain amount of excitement to his audiences. Faulkner's stories are known to reflect experiences from his own familiar life. William Faulkner should be mentioned along with any collection of classic authors because of his remarkable use of the past and present, as well as for his meticulous detail and comprehensive knowledge of the South in his writings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner's background is a very important detail that will help his readers understand the psychological implications of what he wrote and to appreciate his work. William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, on September 25, 1897. His parents were Murry and Maud Faulkner. He married Estelle Franklin in 1929. They had two children together, both daughters. The first daughter was named Alabama, and she died nine days after her birth. Jill, the second daughter, outlived her father. William Faulkner died July 6, 1962 at the age of 64. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letter in 1948 and won the Nobel Prize for Literature two years later in 1950. Although William Faulkner's life had the same chronological events as the average person, his life was far more complex an interesting than that of the average person. Faulkner tried to keep his personal life a secret, but he was woefully unsuccessful. Among many of Fa... ... collection of great authors. The five differentiating characteristics of literature are creative or visionary, specific forms, culturally and historically based, meant to provide enjoyment, and open to interpretation and intellectual challenge. William Faulkner's writing is a perfect example of what literature is meant to be like because it holds each on of the characteristics to be true. William Faulkner is known for his ability to write about the old South. Leslie A. Fiedler states that 'Faulkner [is] primarily a historian of Southern culture, or a canny technician whose evocations of terror are secondary to Jamesian experiments with 'point of view''; (384). William Faulkner's writings are unique compared to other writers because of the way that Faulkner presents the South in comparison from past to present and his ability to make the reader wonder about the point of view. Faulkner's writings are enjoyable and open the reader up to a world of interpretation and intellectual ch allenge. All of the qualities make William Faulkner's stories literature. However, it is how these qualities are shown to the reader that make William Faulkner fit to be included within any literary canon. William Faulkner Essay -- essays research papers William Faulkner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner is one of America's most talked about writers and his work should be included in any literary canon for several reasons. After reading a few of his short stories, it becomes clear that Faulkner's works have uniqueness to them. One of the qualities that make William Faulkner's writings different is his close connection with the South. Gwendolyn Charbnier states, 'Besides the sociological factors that influence Faulkner's work, biographical factors are of great importance…'; (20). Faulkner's magnificent imagination led him to create a fictional Mississippi county named Yoknapatawpha, which includes every detail from square mileage of the county to the break down of the county population by race. Faulkner's work also includes stories from the past and present. David Minter says, 'His works take us into regions and spaces we can never directly know, and also back in the time to worlds lost before we were born'; (Preface X). Of course, Faulkner's personal life has added a certain amount of excitement to his audiences. Faulkner's stories are known to reflect experiences from his own familiar life. William Faulkner should be mentioned along with any collection of classic authors because of his remarkable use of the past and present, as well as for his meticulous detail and comprehensive knowledge of the South in his writings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner's background is a very important detail that will help his readers understand the psychological implications of what he wrote and to appreciate his work. William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, on September 25, 1897. His parents were Murry and Maud Faulkner. He married Estelle Franklin in 1929. They had two children together, both daughters. The first daughter was named Alabama, and she died nine days after her birth. Jill, the second daughter, outlived her father. William Faulkner died July 6, 1962 at the age of 64. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letter in 1948 and won the Nobel Prize for Literature two years later in 1950. Although William Faulkner's life had the same chronological events as the average person, his life was far more complex an interesting than that of the average person. Faulkner tried to keep his personal life a secret, but he was woefully unsuccessful. Among many of Fa... ... collection of great authors. The five differentiating characteristics of literature are creative or visionary, specific forms, culturally and historically based, meant to provide enjoyment, and open to interpretation and intellectual challenge. William Faulkner's writing is a perfect example of what literature is meant to be like because it holds each on of the characteristics to be true. William Faulkner is known for his ability to write about the old South. Leslie A. Fiedler states that 'Faulkner [is] primarily a historian of Southern culture, or a canny technician whose evocations of terror are secondary to Jamesian experiments with 'point of view''; (384). William Faulkner's writings are unique compared to other writers because of the way that Faulkner presents the South in comparison from past to present and his ability to make the reader wonder about the point of view. Faulkner's writings are enjoyable and open the reader up to a world of interpretation and intellectual ch allenge. All of the qualities make William Faulkner's stories literature. However, it is how these qualities are shown to the reader that make William Faulkner fit to be included within any literary canon.

Understanding Relationship

The need for relationships is fundamental in our life because humans are social beings. Humans like to socialize because we seek for attention. Furthermore, approval is a psychological need, and by socializing we fulfill that need. Relational needs help us to interpret and understand what people really want to get out of relating to each other. It is just like when the least expected person comes by and sit down to lend us his/her ear, we would feel loved. Although relational needs are not the basic needs for survival – like food, air or shelter, they are the key essential elements of our human relationships which make life worth living. It is shown that it can contribute widely to a good quality of life. Many a times, our happiness or despair is affected by the quality of our relationships. The best satisfaction in life comes from good relationships with people whom we love. Not only do we become more confident and relaxed, to love and be loved is the greatest feeling the world. And I’ve learnt that why love is so great? Firstly, love provides warmth to anyone who feels lonely. Secondly, love soothes an anxious and angry heart. Thirdly, love pulls us back from those stressful struggles. Lastly, love can be a huge motivation in our daily life. Nothing can come close to the love that a mother showers her children with. That is one important relationship which makes me who I am today. I can proudly say that most women are excellent mothers. They carry their young before they are born and continue to nurture them throughout their childhood and even into adulthood. Mothers also make sure that their children are safe and happy throughout their growing stage. It is the unconditional love that a mother feels that drives these feelings. Raising children comes with many frustrations, from the needy new born baby that requires regular care to the sullen teenager. A mother’s role is really commendable as they always put their children before anything else, including their comfort and happiness. My strong relationship with my mother made me come to a realization that to experience intimacy in relationships, it is important to build trust, openness and self-awareness when relating. Under the care of my mother for almost 18 years, I have learnt to be a person of good values and I will not stop improving myself! Some of the more qualities which I am more influenced are like – generous, trustworthy, humble, lovable and easy going. I have learnt that self-awareness is having a clear perception of your personality, including strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs, motivation, and emotions. It allows me to understand other people, how they perceive me, my attitude and my responses to them in the moment. Having to develop self-awareness, I am able to change the interpretations in my mind and thus allowing me to change my emotions. This is important because I feel that it is self-awareness that can allow me to be aware of where my thoughts and emotions are actually taking me. Relationships are easy until there is emotional turmoil. This is similar whether one is at work or in his/her personal life. I feel that when one can master to change the interpretation in his/her own mind of emotions will effect on the emotional quality of the relationship. When one can change the emotions in his/her relationship, then new possibilities are opened up entirely in his/her life. From lesson 1, I have learnt that self-awareness is developed through practices in focusing your attention on the details of your personality and behavior. It isn’t learned from reading a book. It is just like when we read a book, we are focusing all of our attention on the conceptual ideas in the book. With our attention focused in a book, one is actually only practicing but not paying attention to his/her own behavior, emotions and personality. One of the few important points that I have learnt to instill self-awareness is to identify my strength and weaknesses and never be afraid to look into the mirror to ponder or reflect about the positive traits I have in myself. In other words, it is engaging in self-affirmation. I have learnt that with self-awareness, this will help the relationship with my loved ones to be a more quality driven one because once I have learnt to love and value myself, I am then able to cherish my partner more without having to care how others judge us. Lesson 1 is definitely an enjoyable and valuable lesson and it has taught me many useful life long skills to prepare myself in future relationships.

Should Community Service be Mandatory?

Albert Einstein, one of the smartest men to ever live, is quoted saying â€Å"Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.† This is achieved through striving to uplift those around you with volunteering. Anything from cleaning up garbage to offering companionship to elderly and disabled people is a way to change the world, bit by bit.However, no single person can change the world on his or her own. There must be a constant effort from all of those that support this belief. Some believe that the best way for this to be accomplished is through mandatory community service implemented through schools, charities or churches.Although community service can be extremely valuable in the development of both character and academics, some believe the negative effects of forcing students to participate by making a set amount of service a requirement for graduation could offset the benefits. Today, a majority of high schools require so many hours of community service in order for high school seniors to graduate.In 1984, only 17 percent of high schools offered a community service program. This number increased 66 percent in just 15 years. By 1999, 83 percent of all high schools offered, and many required participation in, a community service program. Two thirds of high schools today require students in all grades to participate in community service activities (Howe and Strauss), but is this taking it too far?Community service is being forced upon students all over the country. Students who are forced to do community service will grow to resent it, making them less likely to volunteer in their communities after college. Our country needs people to volunteer, and more than just the young adult high school population.Also, if students are forced to do community service, the quality of the help they give is probably not going to be very good because they don't really want to do it. Requiring community service takes the volunteerism out of the equation and soon many o f those who â€Å"volunteer† are those who don’t even want to be there. Forcing students to participate in community services will cause them to resent voluntary services for the community later in life. In most communities, community service is used as a punishment for those who step  out of line.â€Å"For teenagers, ‘community service’ came to mean punishment for drunk drivers and Breakfast Club miscreants† (Howe and Strauss). In addition to students coming to resent community service, mandatory service takes away the benefits that actual volunteers would receive. If community service is not required, volunteerism carries more weight on a college application.Aside from the collegial benefit, volunteering helps to build the moral center of oneself. In the article, â€Å"Community Service Mission Statement†, the writer states that â€Å"Community Service situates our moral center;† also that it teaches us through experience â€Å"â €”about the relationship between empathy and responsibility, about what it takes to be a part of a community†.The strength of a community is found within the hearts of those who make the area a home. However, critics believe that community service should be required. They argue that education should not be limited to the classroom and that community service is a learning experience. While this may be true, many other experiences are educational yet should not be mandatory for high school students. For example; sports. Not all students are meant to be athletes. Sports are encouraged throughout high schools, but not required. This gives students the opportunity to experience what it means to work hard as a team. If all students were required to play sports, it would ruin sports for those who love to play.The same goes for volunteering: service is a growing and a learning experience, yet if unwilling students are required to participate in service activities, they spoil the e xperience for everyone else. Critics support their idea with a great argument; however, it isn’t logical. Community service is without a doubt a learning experience, but the choice to partake in such an experience should be left to the student. Community service isn’t for everyone just as sports aren’t for everyone. It’s up to more than just the high school student to change the world, and this can be achieved by activities other than community service.