Endeca Technologies Essay

Official Summary Endeca Technologies is a product organization that set up by Steve Papa on September fourth 2001. For the situation, the organization is at present searching for a Series C round financing to decrease the normal pre-cash valuation on different occasions as a result of the NASDAQ had fallen. At long last, the organization got an unpleasant pre-cash valuation of $25M. As of now, there are two diverse term sheets that every one of them contains a few advantages and disadvantages placing before Papa to allow him to pick. By and large, Papa ought to pick the main term sheet on the grounds that the advantages in that term sheet are more than the subsequent term sheet, and simultaneously it has less cons. Does Endeca resemble a wise speculation as of now? By and large, Endeca resembles a dangerous decision for financial specialists to contribute. Since Endeca is an innovation programming organization, this industry is exceptionally serious and concentrated; regularly there are new firms rise in this industry with new advances and thoughts. Toward the start, Endeca planed to make a Series C round subsidizing in around November and Decemeber in 2000. In any case, on account of the NASDAQ was falling, the CEO Papa understood that raising subsidizing around then was vey hard. Subsequently, Papa expanded the assets from Series B to an additional a half year. Dads activity gave numerous different firms to get the opportunities to make up for lost time and develop their innovations and the board procedures. Along these lines after this a half year delay, Endeca needs to invest more exertion to restore its market status. What are the inspirations for BVP and Venrock? Ampersand? Bessemer Venture Partners and Venrock put resources into the second round on Endeca. Since Papa had associations with Venrock, where he had served a late spring temporary job while at HBS. Dad and Venrock manufactured the great relationship around then, subsequently Venrock is happy to put resources into Endeca, which is his inspiration to put resources into the firm. Ampersand is another possibly organization that will put resources into Endeca in Series C. This is an enhanced organization thus far they didnt put resources into any innovation organization like Endeca yet. Initially, on the grounds that Ampersand never put resources into any firm in this industry yet, as a differentiated contributing firm, they are eager to take the risk to give new thing to contribute a shot Endeca. Furthermore, Ampersand has a long-standing association with Endecas top supervisory crew, which is likewise Ampersands inspiration to put resources into Endeca. How has the CEO dealt with the C round? OK do anything unique? The CEO Papa hasnt took care of the Series C round well because of a wide range of reasons. To begin with, as referenced previously, on the grounds that around then the NASDAQ was falling, so as to keep away from the awful venture circumstance and wished the market will show signs of improvement once more, Papa extended the Series B speculation for an additional a half year. Be that as it may, this ended up being an awful choice. The truth of the matter is that the market didnt improve later and the organization was having hard to get the term sheet from speculators. Furthermore, despite the fact that luckily Papa got two term sheets at long last, what he fouled up was that he made a verbal promise to the insider-drove and a potential customer DGSCP says that one offer is superior to the next one. On the off chance that at long last Papa pick the other offer, he may be dangerous on breaking his words before DGSCP and losing business with them. In the event that I were answerable for taking care of the C round, I would do things any other way. As a matter of first importance, I would not defer the Series C round venture. I think venture reserves are critical on doing a business; it is in every case better to get ready for enough financing as opposed to require it however can't get the cash. Moreover, I would not bring the insider-drove and the potential customer DGSCP into the arrangement to give any verbal responsibility before I settled on my choice. Give an itemized conversation of the upsides and downsides of the two term sheets. Which is progressively great for Endeca? Assess the two term sheets both monetarily (regarding esteem) and non-monetarily (different terms.) Which gives them a higher likelihood of endurance and achievement? First Term Sheet Experts Cons Numerous speculators who contributed previously, simpler for the progress Scarcely weakens Venrock Unique Price equivalents to Liquidation Preference Made verbal responsibility previously Potential customer DGSCP included Lower cost per share, $0.985/share Less Capital Low valuation Second Term Sheet Experts Cons More significant expense per share, $1.25/share Progressively capital Acquire new speculators, new chance Lose Anger Series B financial specialists and DGSCP in the C round Increasingly muddled in view of new financial specialists Ampersand doesnt have a lot of involvement with contributing this industry Collected profits and reclamation rights As the main delegate for Endecas investors, which arrangement ought to prescribe to the Board? Why? As the main delegate for Endecas investors, I figure Papa ought to pick the principal term sheet. As indicated by the investigation over, the first term sheet has more advantages throughout the subsequent term sheet and less cons contrasted with the subsequent term sheet. The main thing I worry about the primary term sheet is the capital is not exactly the subsequent term sheet. Be that as it may, actually the capital that the subsequent term sheet gave is still a long way from what Papa at first needed for Series C. Above all, since Papa made the verbal responsibility with the potential DGSCP customer that he would pick the main term sheet, consider the future participation and business that Papa would most likely do with DGSCP, I think it is a shrewd decision to pick the first now.

Formation and Organization of the Athalassic Salt Lakes of Australia :: Geology Research Papers

Development and Organization of the Athalassic Salt Lakes of Australia Introduction Upon my acknowledgment to the Biomes of Australia 2003 program †an organically arranged summer involvement with the â€Å"Land Down Under† that, for the sixth continuous year, has been composed by Dr. Warren Dolphin of Iowa State University †I was given the errand of composing an exploration paper on a part of the Australian scene. On edge to apply my new information on geomorphology and wanting to explore a biological system from the comprehensive point of view of a natural researcher, I settled after examining the developmental components of athalassic (inland) salt lakes and how they decide the environmental structure of salt lake playas. The examination summed up in this report is an osmosis of divided writing regarding the matter and speaks to an endeavor to coordinate those pieces for better lucidity. I accept that my movement friends, to whom I am committed to introduce this data, will infer a more noteworthy comprehension of Australian salt lake frameworks fr om an expansive assessment of the subject than from a seriously engaged examination of yet a solitary part. Despite the fact that the data that I present is without a doubt wide in scope, the peruser must understand that it misses the mark concerning thoroughness. The shear volume of writing precludes structuring something besides a progression of reference books to envelop the full unpredictability of salt lake frameworks. It is my expectation, rather, that this paper inspires the reader’s interest and prompts further perusing on this intriguing zone. The presentation attracts a vital outline of salt lakes essential geographic and geologic terms. Part I inspects the procedures of bowl and lake arrangement, first the physical systems of creation and also the centralization of particles inside the bowl. Part II investigates the impacts of saltiness and other concoction attributes on lake fauna. Part III clarifies how climatic alterations decide the organization of vegetation in and around salt lake bowls. Together, these pieces ought to give some knowledge to a focal inquiry of this paper: What physical and substance attributes of athalassic salt lakes, as controlled by the provincial climatic and hydrologic system, decide nearby ecologies? Unique The athalassic salt pools of Australia emerged during the continent’s move to the present bone-dry/semi-bone-dry atmosphere system. A few, for example, Lake Eyre are fleeting and hold water simply after rare and sporadic downpours; others flood discontinuously or for all time contain water.

I Tried a Bullet JournalAnd It Changed My Life

I Tried a Bullet Journal…And It Changed My Life Journals, we all tried to write one either in our teens or maybe later in life but few really continued to write it on a regular basis.It’s quite understandable why people more often than not end up giving up on keeping a journal and it’s mainly because they either don’t have the time or the inspiration to do so.So why would you want to write a journal in the first place?Well, a journal is a great way for you to keep track of all the tasks you need to do and also to write your thoughts on a piece of paper so you can later come back to them and see your progress.Also, if you have a very busy schedule, a journal will surely help you with organizing your time more efficiently and knowing exactly when and what your next task is.However, writing a journal isn’t an easy task to do and requires organization and planning, but people tend to write it how they think is easy or best suits them.What if I told you that there is a method that requires minimum effort but is systematic enoug h that it can help you keep track of your tasks and thoughts and once you get a hang of it you will feel like you are taking control of your life?The answer to that question is the Bullet Journal.WHAT IS A BULLET JOURNAL?The Bullet Journal is a note taking method developed by Ryder Carroll back in 2013, but only recently, starting from 2015, caught the attention of the Internet.So it’s out there for a long time now and many people have tried it and they are all satisfied mainly because it lets you create your own unique style of writing a journal and makes it more manageable to keep track of things.As Ryder likes to point out the journal really does allow you to keep track of the past, order the present and plan for the future.You can write this journal with a special notebook that Ryder designed especially for Bullet Journals but you can use any notebook of your choice as well.Now there are many different ways of how you can keep your Bullet Journal and you can customize the meth od depending on your needs.The Bullet Journal is great for:Notes â€" School notes, work notes, random facts notes, you name it.Calendar â€" Keeping track of events and tasks you need to do this month.To-do list â€" Simple and easy day-to-day list of tasks.Sketchbook â€" Record your progress on a drawing.Meal planner â€" If you are on some kind of diet or just want to remember what you had for breakfast.These were just suggestions so feel free to use the journal for your own needs and once you get into it you can create your own method which works for you.HOW TO START A BULLET JOURNAL?I’m going to explain Ryder’s basic method and the method I created myself incorporating his suggestions so you can get the picture of how to make your own journal.Basic MethodLet me start off with key elements of the Bullet Journal:Index â€" The first four pages of your journal should be titled Index and they are used for keeping track of how many tasks you have in a certain month or how many books you need to read.Future log â€" The next four pages are your future log for the tasks you plan to do.Monthly log â€" The left side is your monthly calendar and the right side is the task list.Daily log â€" Days dates and entries.Entries â€" Short bulleted sentences (tasks, events, and notes).Now that we covered the basic model of the journal I’ll explain how this all works.The index is self-explanatory but all in all, you just title the first four pages as Index and keep track of page numbers, number of monthly tasks and so on.Basically, you first create your future log by diving each of the four pages into blocks with 3 months on each page which will give you a total of twelve months on all four pages.The future log is used for transferring the tasks you didn’t do the last month but we will catch up on that later.Next is the monthly log and how it works is you write the name of the month as the title on the left page and then write down vertically the number of days downwards a nd also the first letter of the days.Then on the right side, you create a to-do list which you want to finish this month and youre done.The daily log is set up in a way that you write the date and below you write the tasks, events, and notes using different bullets.For example, the tasks are indicated by a dot, events by a circle and notes by a straight line.When you start writing your journal and complete the task you needed to just simply put an “x” next to the bullet in your daily log marking that you have done it or when you haven’t completed a task take into consideration if it is worth your time.If you want to complete the task in short-term transfer it to the monthly log or if you want to do it in the long-term copy the entry to the future log, if not cross it out.The way that this works is that you keep track of the tasks you’ve done and the ones that you didn’t do but plan to complete them in the future. It also highlights your priorities and makes you more produc tive and less busy.At the end of each month, you can write topics for related tasks and notes and organize them on the back so you can see your collection of similar tasks and notes for future reference.And that’s basically it, the basic method of keeping a Bullet Journal.You can change the concept any way you like but now I’ll show you my method just so you get the feeling of how I incorporated this method in my own style. My MethodWhen I started to write my Bullet Journal I skipped the index altogether because I dont like numbers, I know it sounds silly but for my needs, its just pointless I didnt see any use from it.I didnt use the future log like the basic method explains but I somehow incorporated it into my schedule.Now for the monthly log, I used the basic method where you write the dates on the left side and tasks on the right but I also added bullets next to important dates so I could keep track of maybe an upcoming birthday or an exam.I also used the daily log and the special bullets for each type of entry really helped me to organize my tasks better and have a nice overview.The only difference is that I didn’t copy my leftover tasks to the future log, but instead I used the future log as some kind of goal-tracker.What I mean by that is I would write down my goals for the months in the future log and if I haven’t completed them I would transfer them for the next month.So basically I used the daily log for my tasks and notes, the monthly log for events and the future log for writing my goals to keep me motivated.Another thing that I incorporated was that I wrote down my college schedule and my daily study sessions which are around four to five hours long so I know when I’m done with my studying and with my tasks how much time for myself I   have left.Its quite simple this way for me to see my progress and it also creates a lot of space and free time for other activities because I always know what I need to do that day.Feel free to use either the standard method or even my own or if you want you can also create your method because it will best fit your needs.WORK VS. PERSONAL BULLET JOURNALI want to talk about the difference between a work and a personal journal, or whether you need to have a separate journal at all.This is your personal preference but I want to explain some details.1. Work JournalIf you are quite busy and want to organize your time more efficient a work journal is the right thing for you because you can keep up to date on important business meetings, deadlines, and events.The Bullet Journal method is really good for this and will help you to be more productive in your workplace.On the other hand, having two separate journals may be a toll sometimes if you are used to carrying a lot of stuff in your bag so keep that in mind.2. Personal JournalA personal journal is a bit different than the work one, mainly because here you can write notes and tasks that arent associated with work so you dont mix up those together.Also, it is quite handy to have space where you can clear out your thoughts on a piece of paper which you can look back later.Combining the two journals into one doesn’t appeal to some people mainly because they want to divide their work life from their personal life and that’s understandable.WHY SHOULD YOU COMBINE THEM?This is just my opinion, but I found it that when you combine your work journal with your personal one you have everything in one place and you spend less time trying to find the tasks you need to do.I never kept two separate journals but I noticed that the work tasks in my journal never got in the way of the personal tasks I put myself to complete and I’m guessing it’s because I was motivated to do all my tasks that day regardless of them being linked to my job or my personal life.As I said this is just personal preference but it doesn’t hurt to consider those things when you first start writing your journal. THE BENEFITS OF A BULLET JOURNALI wan t to talk more about the benefits now because I want to share my story with you how this journal really helped me be not only more productive but also effective in completing my day-to-day tasks.1. Increases ProductivityEveryone whos gone to college experienced stress in some way or another and for me, this wasnt a big deal, but I sometimes felt very unmotivated to start doing actual studying and it cost me a few exams that I could have passed from the first try.But that all changed when I started writing my journal and to be honest I was a bit skeptical at first but once I realized that it was the solution to my problems I kept using it to this day.It completely changes your way of thinking because you create a schedule for yourself, I think of it as a set of challenges for proving to myself that I can finish what I started every day.I’m the type of person who works on pressure, if I have some time to myself I will probably slack off so keeping myself busy is quite important if I want to be more productive.Having the ability to keep track of your progress will not only motivate you to continue being productive but also will sort of “keep you on your toes” so you will always be prepared to finish a task.2. Encourages ConsistencyThis is an important trait that the Bullet Journal taught me.Now it’s clearer to me than ever that in order for me to succeed I need to display perseverance and keep my head high in order to reach my goal because the hard work really does pay off in the future.Because of the way this journal works I am constantly reminded every day when I open it that I have tasks that need to be done today and that creates a feeling of satisfaction when I complete even the simplest of tasks because those little wins” do add up and make a more challenging task appear not so hard to accomplish.3. Implements OrganizationThis was my biggest problem because I couldn’t organize my time properly and I wasted it without even knowing how much I can do in one day.And once I brought the Bullet Journal in my life I quickly started to manage my time more effectively, not wasting a single second on unimportant things.With more time you can be more productive and with more productivity, you are creating a pattern of behavior which is consistent so you can imagine it as a circular flow of your work and how it all affects your whole life.Without organization, this wouldnt be possible.TIPS FOR BEGINNERSWhen I was starting out I had doubts mainly because I wondered how could a journal help me be more productive if it requires writing which I already didn’t like doing.However, I gave it a shot and at first it seemed a bit silly to me to write down my tasks like “Call my private English professor” or “Study history from 14h to 15:30h”, but later I found it very useful to know who to call and how much time I have for studying so as I continued with it I started to like it more and more.I would like to share some of my tips for pe ople who want to start their own Bullet Journal so you don’t make some mistakes I did and don’t waste paper.1. Take it slowFirst things first, you need to realize what kind of journal do you need.Do you need it for work, for school or just to keep track of your thoughts?Once you figure out what you want you can then start to write your Bullet Journal and I suggest that you watch Ryder’s videos on how to start the journal so you get the basic idea of how it all works.Then you can add your own ideas and methods which will be unique to you.So first take things slow; do some researches on the journal, think of what tasks would you write on a daily basis, it can be as simple as making the bed or doing the laundry but it will help you to start somewhere.Later when you add some harder tasks you will get the hang of it even more and will be able to complete the tasks in no time.Before starting your own Bullet Journal, first think about these questions:What kind of journal do you need? What kind of tasks fill out your schedule?Are you willing to commit to your journal in the long run?Will you be able to complete all the tasks you give yourself?Do you even need a journal?No worries, if you dont know the answers to these questions now you will surely know them when you give the journal a try even if it means quitting after one week because then you will know that a journal isnt for you and that you can organize your time without one.However, some people, like me, aren’t so lucky to have our time organized in our heads so a journal sure is useful.2. Pick up the paceWhen you write a journal for about one or two weeks you will start to notice that it has started to be a habit to wake up every day and write your tasks and notes in your journal and later in the evening you check what you have completed and see your progress.In this stage, you can start to implement more challenging tasks and start to set goals which you want to accomplish this month and try to stick wi th it.Be precise and do your tasks, also be consistent and don’t let anything distract you.What you are going to notice also is that you will start to speed up not only the process of writing a journal but also completing your tasks.Like I mentioned earlier you will create a pattern in your behavior which will stimulate you to work even harder.This is very important because it’s a huge milestone for a person to be able to be in control of his life and organize time well enough so he has time for everything.3. Look backWhen you enter this stage you already mastered the previous stages and you embraced the journal as a part of your daily routine.Now you will take a step back and just look at all the things youve done in the past and will surely be well surprised by your progress.Feels good, doesnt it?When you look back at your previous tasks and specifically notes you will use them for future reference and will see maybe a difference in your way of thinking when you started the jo urnal compared where you are now.It’s also a good way to assure yourself that you are improving your life and don’t worry about the unimportant things because you’ve got a lot of work ahead of you.FINAL WORDIn the end, I just wanted to say a couple of things why the Bullet Journal changed my life:It made me more productive and aware of my duties.It stimulated my motivation so I wouldn’t try to slack off any time I got the opportunity.I found it handy to have a journal by my side so I could write down ideas right when they occur.People started to look at me like I’m more responsible and serious when it comes down to working and studying.Because of everyday writing, my handwriting has improved (it was hideous).To summarize, the Bullet Journal really did help me a lot and it still does and Im sure that anyone who is willing to try it for just a week will either not like it because its not their thing, or will fall in love with it as I did.The fact that you can make your uniqu e method and your own personal journal which is made that way to soothe your needs is, in my opinion, the biggest appeal of the Bullet Journal.So if you are interested in starting your own journal give the Bullet Journal a try, and I hope that you will like it as much as I do.

My Energy Is More An Extrovert Type Person - 866 Words

My energy is more an extrovert type person. Most of the ministries I operate in give direct care to others. I share my faith with a sense of processing information from experience or my gut feelings, known to me as the voice inside me and the Word of God. I will admit there are times I want to call in sick from the hustles and bustles of life. At times I have a burden to see others learn and grow. The disciplines that I practice often are meditation, prayer, fasting, study, submission and service. I would also say simplicity, because I am not that concern with possessions, but I do like nice things. Before I took this class some of the disciplines we discussed I knew by name, not how they function in detail. I do make a habit of seeking first the kingdom of God and even if I fall short some days. God always know what we need to change in our lives, but I know I was not saved to sit in pews; I was saved to serve in the body of Christ to help build His Kingdom. My weaknesses The Christian walk is very important to me. I do not want to play church. I think one of my main weaknesses is trying to practice a discipline when I am extremely tired. I have good intention, but never make it through the practice. If it is mediation or prayer I fall asleep during the process or it is too much clutter in my head. Many times I have repeated the process because I got convicted thinking my actions were due to a lack of obedience. May be another the reason I fall asleep is because theShow MoreRelatedWhat I Have Learned About My Personality1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthis project, I reveal my four-letter type and temperament after taking the Meyers-Briggs Personality Test. I will give a description of each letter of my personality type as well as discuss how the different aspects of my personality letters work together. I will give examples from my life and discuss some of the weaknesses of my personality type. 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But taking this class that focuses on personality helped a lot in my understanding of myself as well as maybe understanding other personality types. Reflecting on what I have learned I chose three assessments from different approaches. MBTI from the Neo-Freudian approach, The bigRead MoreLeadership Theory Of The Myers Briggs Test1185 Words   |  5 Pagestakes a specific personality type to make a leader. The purpose of this paper is to identify my personality type through the Myers-Briggs test, discuss the leadership style of Gandhi and his similarities to my style in relation to nursing. Assessment Inventory The Myers-Briggs test was developed from Carl Jungs theory of â€Å"personality types† by Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs (Myers, I. B. 2000, pg 6). In order to determine an individual’s type of personality this test was

The Relationship Between Philosophy And Theology - 1433 Words

Today, philosophy and theology are put at odds by some members of society, those who think that faith and reason are opposites and can never coincide. Others, though, see the two subjects of study as collaborative instead. And just as intellectuals of our Church today support the relationship which is otherwise seen as faith and reason, so too did the intellectuals Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure reinforce it in the thirteenth century. However, both Aquinas and Bonaventure have their own different opinions on what the true relationship between philosophy and theology is. I believe that Aquinas’s understanding of the relationship between philosophy and theology is more accurate than that of Bonaventure, specifically in terms of how both studies are defined individually and how they relate and cooperate. First, I will examine Bonaventure’s understanding of philosophy, theology, and then the relationship between the two in his perspective. When he was alive, Bonaventure wro te the treatise titled Retracing the Arts to Theology. In this treatise Bonaventure argued (in quoting the book of James) that â€Å"all learning and knowledge depend on divine illumination from Sacred Scripture† and ultimately on God, whom Bonaventure quoted as the Father of lights (Cooper 211). He believed that divine illumination from God is manifested in various rays of knowledge, which are from four specific sources (212). According to Derek Cooper, the first source of Bonaventure is the external light ofShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Philosophy And Theology1444 Words   |  6 PagesToday, philosophy and theology are contrasted by some members of society, specifically those who think that faith and reason can never coincide. Other people, though, see the two subjects of study as collaborative instead. Similar to how as intellectuals of our Church today support this relationship, the intellectuals Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure also reinforced it in the thirtee nth century. However, both Aquinas and Bonaventure have their own (sometimes differing) opinions on what the true relationshipRead MoreThe Lifelong Goal Of Saint Thomas Aquinas1692 Words   |  7 Pagesof philosophy and theology, but at the same time show their symbiotic relationship with each other. Throughout his life Aquinas was known as a theologian but many of his works carry strong philosophical undertones as well. The beauty of theology is it can enlighten us through its leap of faith. Philosophy was required to precede theology. The truths laid down from philosophy are concrete and coherent. These philosophical truths are the shoes in which theology can walk. Without philosophy thereRead MoreChristian Philosophy Of Christian Theology935 Words   |  4 Pagesfreedom to think and act as we desire. How we approach life events can be viewed from a philosophical and/or a theological perspective. This essay will compare different approaches in Christian theology to philosop hy to see which study was more influential in our individual development. Christian theology is the study of Christian beliefs. There are four sources for this study including scripture, tradition, reasoning and experience. Scriptures are sacred writings that document historical eventsRead MoreWhat Is Theology Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is theology? What does it explain if anything? According to the encyclopedia, it is related to the Greek Religion. In Christianity, the systematic study of the nature of God and Gods relationship with humanity and with the world. Although other religions may be said to have theologies, this is a matter of controversy within, for instance, Judaism , which holds that God is unknowable. This article will therefore confine itself to Christian theology. The development of theology in ChristendomRead MoreThe Theology Of Philosophy And Christian Theology917 Words   |  4 Pages There are four theology sources of theology that is scripture, tradition, reason and religious experience. The scripture is expounded with the context of public worship and is the subject of meditation and devotion on the part of individual Christian (McGrath, 2011). Tradition is an active process of passing on the Christian faith, rather than as a static source of revelation, independent of Scripture (McGrath, 2011). Reason is assumed an especial importance at the time of the EnlightenmentRead More what is theology Essay995 Words   |  4 Pages What is theology? What does it explain if anything? According to the encyclopedia, it is related to the Greek Religion. In Christianity, the systematic study of the nature of God and Gods relationship with humanity and with the world. Although other religions may be said to have theologies, this is a matter of controversy within, for instance, Judaism , which holds that God is unknowable. This article will therefore confine itself to Christian theology. The development of theology in ChristendomRead MoreMontaigne and Augustine1359 Words   |  6 PagesMedieval and Renaissan ce Philosophy December 12, 2005 Take-Home Final In regards to Montaigne s statement on page 23 in Apology for Raymond Sebond, I would deduce that he was using the metaphor of nature and natural tendencies in opposition to man s vain, self-seeking faà §ade that displaces God the creator. Montaigne s statement appears to (on the surface at least) value mans naturalistic tendencies and graces in a much better light than our own vain-striving presumptions that claim thatRead MoreReligious Worksheet.1034 Words   |  5 Pagesadopter of judgments identical to the divine intendment. The Qur’an serves as the primary source of information and authority for Muslims, much as the Bible does for Christians. With this in mind, evaluate Islam’s historical influences on law, philosophy, and the arts in the Muslim world. Write a 1- to 2-paragraph response for each of the following questions. Provide examples to illustrate your thinking. 1. What is the legal ideal in Islamic law? How does the Qur’an inform and guide MuslimsRead MoreIntegrative Approaches Of Psychology And Christianity1529 Words   |  7 Pagesassimilation of psychology and theology; secular and religious disciplines that present a â€Å"multifaceted dialogue shaped by historical interactions and tensions.† (p. 51) Of the two systems, psychology is by much of the Church thought to advocate reason over revelation whereas theology is, by more secular-leaning scholars, thought to be wanting of intellect. With Tertullian s libretti, â€Å"what indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem?† (p. 8) in addition to modernism’s philosophy of self-consciousness andRead MoreTheology And Pastoral Leadership : Theology Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesBeeley, C. A. (2009). Theology and Pastoral Leadership. Anglican Theological Review, 91(1), 11-30 Beeley makes the argument that theology lies at the center of Christian leadership. It sites early theologians from the past, later theologians in the Anglican and other traditions. The author provides the relationship between theology and practicalities of leaders work, the ministry of the word, pastoral interpretation of Scripture, and the regular study of the work of Christian leadership. He points

Deception Point Page 93 Free Essays

POTUS. She felt a sudden surge of hope. Something about POTUS struck Gabrielle as being a perfect Sexton password. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 93 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Simple, positive, self-referential. She quickly typed in the letters. POTUS. Holding her breath, she hit â€Å"return.† The computer beeped. Invalid Password – Access Denied Slumping, Gabrielle gave up. She headed back toward the bathroom door to exit the way she had come. She was halfway across the room, when her cellphone rang. She was already on edge, and the sound startled her. Stopping short, she pulled out her phone and glanced up to check the time on Sexton’s prized Jourdain grandfather clock. Almost 4:00 A.M. At this hour, Gabrielle knew the caller could only be Sexton. He was obviously wondering where the hell she was. Do I pick up or let it ring? If she answered, Gabrielle would have to lie. But if she didn’t, Sexton would get suspicious. She took the call. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"Gabrielle?† Sexton sounded impatient. â€Å"What’s keeping you?† â€Å"The FDR Memorial,† Gabrielle said. â€Å"The taxi got hemmed in, and now we’re-â€Å" â€Å"You don’t sound like you’re in a taxi.† â€Å"No,† she said, her blood pumping now. â€Å"I’m not. I decided to stop by my office and pick up some NASA documents that might be relevant to PODS. I’m having some trouble finding them.† â€Å"Well, hurry up. I want to schedule a press conference for the morning, and we need to talk specifics.† â€Å"I’m coming soon,† she said. There was a pause on the line. â€Å"You’re in your office?† He sounded suddenly confused. â€Å"Yeah. Another ten minutes and I’ll be on my way over.† Another pause. â€Å"Okay. I’ll see you soon.† Gabrielle hung up, too preoccupied to notice the loud and distinctive triple-tick of Sexton’s prized Jourdain grandfather clock only a few feet away. 113 Michael Tolland did not realize Rachel was hurt until he saw the blood on her arm as he pulled her to cover behind the Triton. He sensed from the catatonic look on her face that she was not aware of any pain. Steadying her, Tolland wheeled to find Corky. The astrophysicist scrambled across the deck to join them, his eyes blank with terror. We’ve got to find cover, Tolland thought, the horror of what had just happened not yet fully registering. Instinctively, his eyes raced up the tiers of decks above them. The stairs leading up to the bridge were all in the open, and the bridge itself was a glass box-a transparent bull’s-eye from the air. Going up was suicide, which left only one other direction to go. For a fleeting instant, Tolland turned a hopeful gaze to the Triton submersible, wondering perhaps if he could get everyone underwater, away from the bullets. Absurd. The Triton had room for one person, and the deployment winch took a good ten minutes to lower the sub through the trap door in the deck to the ocean thirty feet below. Besides, without properly charged batteries and compressors, the Triton would be dead in the water. â€Å"Here they come!† Corky shouted, his voice shrill with fear as he pointed into the sky. Tolland didn’t even look up. He pointed to a nearby bulkhead, where an aluminum ramp descended belowdecks. Corky apparently needed no encouragement. Keeping his head low, Corky scurried toward the opening and disappeared down the incline. Tolland put a firm arm around Rachel’s waist and followed. The two of them disappeared belowdecks just as the helicopter returned, spraying bullets overhead. Tolland helped Rachel down the grated ramp to the suspended platform at the bottom. As they arrived, Tolland could feel Rachel’s body go suddenly rigid. He wheeled, fearing maybe she’d been hit by a ricocheting bullet. When he saw her face, he knew it was something else. Tolland followed her petrified gaze downward and immediately understood. Rachel stood motionless, her legs refusing to move. She was staring down at the bizarre world beneath her. Because of its SWATH design, the Goya had no hull but rather struts like a giant catamaran. They had just descended through the deck onto a grated catwalk that hung above an open chasm, thirty feet straight down to the raging sea. The noise was deafening here, reverberating off the underside of the deck. Adding to Rachel’s terror was the fact that the ship’s underwater spotlights were still illuminated, casting a greenish effulgence deep into the ocean directly beneath her. She found herself gazing down at six or seven ghostly silhouettes in the water. Enormous hammerhead sharks, their long shadows swimming in place against the current-rubbery bodies flexing back and forth. Tolland’s voice was in her ear. â€Å"Rachel, you’re okay. Eyes straight ahead. I’m right behind you.† His hands were reaching around from behind, gently trying to coax her clenched fists off the banister. It was then that Rachel saw the crimson droplet of blood roll off her arm and fall through the grating. Her eyes followed the drip as it plummeted toward the sea. Although she never saw it hit the water, she knew the instant it happened because all at once the hammerheads spun in unison, thrusting with their powerful tails, crashing together in a roiling frenzy of teeth and fins. Enhanced telencephalon olfactory lobes†¦ They smell blood a mile away. â€Å"Eyes straight ahead,† Tolland repeated, his voice strong and reassuring. â€Å"I’m right behind you.† Rachel felt his hands on her hips now, urging her forward. Blocking out the void beneath her, Rachel started down the catwalk. Somewhere above she could hear the rotors of the chopper again. Corky was already well out in front of them, reeling across the catwalk in a kind of drunken panic. Tolland called out to him. â€Å"All the way to the far strut, Corky! Down the stairs!† Rachel could now see where they were headed. Up ahead, a series of switchback ramps descended. At water level, a narrow, shelflike deck extended the length of the Goya. Jutting off this deck were several small, suspended docks, creating a kind of miniature marina stationed beneath the ship. A large sign read: DIVE AREA Swimmers May Surface without Warning – Boats Proceed with Caution- Rachel could only assume Michael did not intend for them to do any swimming. Her trepidation intensified when Tolland stopped at a bank of wire-mesh storage lockers flanking the catwalk. He pulled open the doors to reveal hanging wetsuits, snorkels, flippers, life jackets, and spearguns. Before she could protest, he reached in and grabbed a flare gun. â€Å"Let’s go.† They were moving again. Up ahead, Corky had reached the switchback ramps and was already halfway down. â€Å"I see it!† he shouted, his voice sounding almost joyous over the raging water. See what? Rachel wondered as Corky ran along the narrow walkway. All she could see was a shark-infested ocean lapping dangerously close. Tolland urged her forward, and suddenly Rachel could see what Corky was so excited about. At the far end of the decking below, a small powerboat was moored. Corky ran toward it. Rachel stared. Outrun a helicopter in a motorboat? â€Å"It has a radio,† Tolland said. â€Å"And if we can get far enough away from the helicopter’s jamming†¦ â€Å" Rachel did not hear another word he said. She had just spied something that made her blood run cold. â€Å"Too late,† she croaked, extending a trembling finger. We’re finished†¦ When Tolland turned, he knew in an instant it was over. At the far end of the ship, like a dragon peering into the opening of a cave, the black helicopter had dropped down low and was facing them. For an instant, Tolland thought it was going to fly directly at them through the center of the boat. But the helicopter began to turn at an angle, taking aim. Tolland followed the direction of the gun barrels. No! How to cite Deception Point Page 93, Essay examples

The Relationship between Households and Firms Essay Example

The Relationship between Households and Firms Essay Factors of production are land, labour capital and entrepreneurship. Families are the proprietors of factors of production and the houses are users of factors of production. Firms use families ( factors of production ) to pay factor incomes which is rent, rewards, involvement and net income. Firms will utilize factor of production to bring forth end product in the manner of goods and services, which will be purchased by the family. In this manner family incur their outgos. 2.0 Body Round flow diagram is the ocular theoretical account of economic system which shows how money flows through the markets among family and houses. Circular flow theoretical account consists of four separate theoretical accounts which each consecutive adding sectors or markets and besides therefore supplying the greater complexness and pragmatism. The four flows are flow factors of production from families to houses, flow of incomes from houses to household, flow of end product of goods and services from houses to families and in conclusion flow of outgos from families to houses. 2.1 Round Flow Diagram hypertext transfer protocol: //wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Circular_flow_of_goods_income.png/350px-Circular_flow_of_goods_income.png We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Households and Firms specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Households and Firms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Households and Firms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Above round flow diagram divides the economic system into two sectors which is one concerned with the bring forthing goods and services, and the other with devouring them. All the four flows which has been stated as been illustrated in the round flow above. In the diagram the outer flows of incomes and outgos are flows of money and the interior flows of factors of productions and end products are the flows of goods and services. 2.1.1 Families Families have the chief map because they are the workers and besides consumers. So they provide labour to houses and compensated with rewards from the houses. Other so that as consumers they besides buy goods and services from houses which constitutes as consumer outgo. 2.1.2 Firms Firms are the manufacturers of goods and services. Labour and capital is the input of the production procedure. Labour comes from families where rewards are paid and the capital investing can be funded either by maintained net incomes or borrowing from the fiscal sector. 2.1.3 Relationship between Households and Firms In a day-to-day life illustration we are consumers who are working for a house to gain rewards. Because we working for the company the company makes net income and increase their production in their goods and services. When we are the families we receive rewards from houses and we use it to purchase goods and services produce by houses. 3.0 Withdrawals and Injections Withdrawals take topographic point when there are motions of financess out of the round flow in income. The three of import things in backdowns are Savings ( S ) , Taxation ( T ) and Imports ( M ) . In Savings families wont be spent all the factors income received on the current or even immediate ingestion. Households besides prefer to maintain some for future or deferred ingestion. For illustration families make their economy in the signifier of sedimentations at fiscal establishments such as Bankss. Tax is where families have to pay to the authorities as revenue enhancements from their income. For illustration when family receive their rewards their will be a tax write-off column as their income revenue enhancement. Imports is where families willing to purchase goods and services from abroad instead than devouring domestically produced goods and services. An injection takes topographic point when there are motions of financess into the round flow of incomes. The three of import things in injection are Investments ( I ) , Government outgo ( G ) and Exports ( X ) . In Investments families saved income which was deferred ingestion there are subsequently invested back in the round flow/economy. In authorities outgos authorities use all the revenue enhancements received from families and so it s creates in flow of financess back into the round flow. For illustration authorities outgo includes route edifice, building and more. Government use the sum revenue enhancements which had collected from family to construct route, infirmary, edifices and other. In exports houses may sell some of their goods and services to foreign states. In the economic system outgo from the foreign states by aliens becomes an injection. 3.1 Withdrawals and Injections diagramUntitled.jpg 4.0 Entire Withdrawals equal with Entire Injectionsmmmm.jpg In the footings of the expanded handbill flow of the income theoretical account the province of equilibrium takes parts when the entire backdowns that occur in the economic system. It can be proven as: Savingss + Imports +Taxes = Investment + Government Spending + Exports OR S + M+T = I + G + X 5.0 Decision Families and houses has a really strong relationship where each and another can non be work with one. Households need rewards so they have to work for houses and houses need to bring forth goods and services, so they need family to work and besides purchase their goods and services. Question 2 1.0 Introduction The fluctuations in the degree of the economic sciences activities of a state over clip are frequently be the best illustrated by the Business Trade Cycles. Business trade rhythm is besides known as the periodic fluctuation in the rate of the economic activity as it been measured by degrees of employment, monetary values and besides production. 2.0 Body The four chief constructs in concern trade rhythms are full employment, unemployment, recession and rising prices. Full employment takes topographic point at the degree of economic activity when all available at factors of production are to the full utilised. In the concern trade rhythms, there is upward swings and besides downward swings. The periods of hardship are alternate with the periods of concern prosperity. Every roar is followed by a frailty versa and besides a slack. This concern trade rhythm is merely means that the whole class of trade or even concern activity which is base on ballss through all the stages of prosperity and besides hardship. 3.0 Business Trade Cycle Diagram mk.jpg 3.1 Phases in Business Trade Cycle Economists really divided the concern rhythms into two chief stages which is depression and recovery so roar and slack. Boom and slouch grade turning points in the rhythms. 3.1.1 Depression In this stage, the whole economic system will be in depression manner and the concern is at the lowest phase. Other than that the general buying power of the community is really low. In the productive activity, both production of consumer goods and the production of capital goods are at the low degree. There are some of the chief features in depression. Depression makes the sum of production and trade psychiatrists. It is besides increases unemployment and the overall monetary values become lessenings. All the net incomes and rewards lessenings and the income of the community autumn at a really low degree. Other than that aggregative outgo together with the effectual demand besides goes down. For illustration if a house having a new investing or replacing investing they will do it detain every bit long as they are possible to travel for it. Other than that in stock markets the monetary values of all portions and securities will be fallen to a really low degree. Even in practically al l the building activity no affair in edifices or machinery comes to an terminal. 3.1.2 Recovery Recovery is besides known as enlargement. In this stage the depression period comes to an terminal. In recovery stage all the economic state of affairss become favorable. As money become cheap it makes the other stuffs and besides factors of production easy and inexpensive. Here the aggregative demand becomes low aggregative supply. Other than that the productive activity besides has been increased and the enterprisers besides have sufficient fiscal backup. This makes the farther investing and production increased. For illustration when a building company ends all their undertakings in depression stage, now the same company will get down having orders and using more employees to make more income and employment. Last the whole economic system will be traveling faster towards the roar stage. 3.1.3 Boom Boom is besides known as peak stage and it is a turning point in trade rhythm. This stage is the highest point in economic recovery. In this stage there is a big figure of production and besides trade. There is besides a high degree of employment and besides the occupation chances in limited sum to allow a good trade of labour mobility. Aggregate Demand will be equal with Aggregate supply. Overall it makes the monetary values rise. Other so that it besides makes a lifting construction in involvement rates so so a bullish inclination regulations makes stock exchanges. For illustration when a building company starts to do more net income and inverse more the will better their concern and may necessitate more employees. So so it makes the company offer more employment and it besides makes the company get high degree of investing. 3.1.4 Recession Recession is the crisp slow down in the economic activity, but little different from depression which is more terrible and besides pronged downswing. Aggregate demand is low so aggregate supply. As the depression created the conditions of recovery, it is likewise and the roar conditions generate their ain cheques. All the idle factors have been employed and besides farther demand must raise their monetary values, but the quality is besides inferior. In this stage there should be less efficient workers which have been taken for higher rewards. The involvement rates will lift and besides other stuffs. Finally the costs have started to upward swing. 4.0 Decision Macroeconomicss is chiefly associate to the balance between Aggregate Demand and Aggregate supply in the whole economy/country. If the aggregative Demand becomes higher than Aggregate Supply the extra demand will be cause rising prices. If the aggregative Demand becomes lower than aggregative supply, so the deficient demand will do recession and unemployment. Question 4 1.0 Introduction In economic sciences, the individual who is able and besides willing to work but unable to happen a paying occupation is considered as unemployed. Unemployment divided into two which are long term and short term unemployment. Long term unemployment is by and large considered as the great societal immorality and short term unemployment is merely for a limited clip in the degree of cost. In long term the cost are really high which is non same with the short term where the cost are comparatively low. In short term many of them will lose some of their net incomes, although a few who receive the big redundancy payments may profit in financially from holding lost their occupation. 2.0 Body The cost of unemployment includes the fiscal cost, personal cost, social cost, economic cost and besides cost to the authorities. All the cost of unemployment is one of the large disadvantages where will do a really large jobs. Because of being unemployment, it is non merely impacting the individual as it is besides impacting the milieus of the unemployed individual. 2.1 Cost of unemployment 2.1.1 Fiscal Cost to the Unemployed Person This is one of the direct costs due to the lost in their net incomes, measured as the difference between the old pay and current unemployment benefits. One obvious cost is the loss of income which could be earned by the individual been in a occupation. Offset against this is the value of any benefits which could the worker might have and any value placed on the excess free clip which an unemployed individual has at his/her disposal. For most of the unemployed it is likely that they will be one of the net fiscal also-rans. For illustration when a individual now working for RM1500 wage for 8 hours and his friend working for RM2500 wage for 8 hours so he besides will get down to mensurate the differences and he will vacate his current occupation to acquire his friend occupation. At that clip he merely vacate his occupation without know whether there is still empty topographic points at his friend company or non. This state of affairs makes him to be unemployed for some clip and besides make him face troubles in fiscal affairs during that clip. 2.1.2 Personal Cost of being Unemployed The cost of unemployed is non finish until at that place. It is besides affect the self-pride and the spirit of the persons. The long clip as they are unemployed it may ensue in stress-related unwellnesss, societal jobs like smoke, intoxicant. Drugs, offense like petit larceny and serious and besides excess. For illustration when a individual is been unemployed for some clip he will decidedly experience depresses and he will get down to acquire himself into the societal jobs like smoke and taking drugs or intoxicant. Other than that their depression besides makes them perpetrate self-destruction and mental instability. Areas with high unemployment tend to go in run down status. Shops run down after their concern. Households do nt hold any trim money to look after their belongingss and besides their gardens. At last this makes the additions in hooliganism and farther destroys in the environment. 2.1.3 Social Cost of Unemployment Some of the grounds suggests that many of the unemployed people and their households suffer in a figure ways. As thirster they are unemployed the higher it affects their households and friends. This state of affairs leads to the domestic force and separation, abandoned families/children and besides excess. For illustration, in a household when the hubby has been unemployed for long clip so the household will be holding troubles in fiscal affair. He will be holding troubles to gain money, purchase food markets, even he can non back up for his kids surveies besides. This makes the hubby and married woman have misunderstand and eventually its terminal with separation and divorce. 2.1.4 Economic Cost due to lost of national output/growth. In the existent lose to the whole economic system foremost there is the loss of all the end product which those workers now unemployed could hold been produced if they been in work and the economic system had been produced more goods and services which would had been available for the ingestion. Other than that there are the societal cost like additions in force and depression which are borne by the unemployed and besides the communities in which they live. 2.1.5 Costss to the Government In one manus, authorities has to pay out higher benefits and on the other manus, authorities losingss gross because all those workers would hold paid revenue enhancements if they had been employed. At last taxpayers non merely pay more revenue enhancements to cover the authorities disbursement, they besides have to pay high because they have to do up the revenue enhancements that all the unemployed would hold been paid if they had been in work. 3. 0 Decision Cost of unemployment consequence all the portion of a individual life and besides to the state economic system and authorities. To cut down unemployment in society people should make earlier readying or should be good organized about their bearer and nest eggs. Question 5 1.0 Introduction The causes of being unemployment will greatly vary harmonizing to the state of affairs whether the individual is working or non. Unemployment can be go on even the individual is presently working, yet had given signal to halt working in some company for some ground. Sometimes it can be voluntary with the individual s pick to go unemployed. 2.0 Body The causes of unemployment can be divided into two major classs which is equilibrium and disequilibrium unemployment. There are five types of unemployment in equilibrium unemployment and three types in disequilibrium unemployment. 3.0 Equilibrium Unemployment Equilibrium Unemployment is where can be caused because of people who are economically independent or the rewards are excessively low for therefore people do nt experience the demand to be employed. 3.1 The causes of Equilibrium/Natural Unemployment 3.1.1 Frictional ( hunt ) Unemployment It occurs during people leave their occupations like resign voluntarily, made redundant and besides those temporarily unemployed while they are looking for a new occupation. Sometimes employers may be non offering their occupation to the first that applied, as they will seek for other campaigners. This unemployment takes topographic point when both parties do non hold the perfect cognition as they move from one occupation to another. It is cause of stationariness factor which is geographical and occupational stationariness. Geographic stationariness is where labor is unable to relocate to the occupation and occupational stationariness is where labour unable to execute their occupation because of deficiency of cognition, accomplishment or even see For illustration the unemployed will happen a better offer without accepting the first offer. 3.1.2 Structural Unemployment It takes portion when all the construction of economic system alterations caused by spread outing industries sing growing when other industries are undertaking and besides necessitate to cut down their demand for the labor. This unemployment takes portion because of the alteration in the demand form, which is cause by a alteration in gustatory sensation, manner or even competition from replacements such as produced by other domestic industries or from the imported options. For illustration, there is no more usage and stylish to have on the pelt or the diminution in the coal excavation industry, so so consumers displacement to alternate beginning of fuel. 3.1.3 Technological Unemployment Returns portion when the technological advantages resulted in the labour salvaging proficient advancement that allow all the same degree of end product to be produced with lesser units of labor. It is besides frequently caused by the structural employment during the alterations of method in production. The current employee will go excess because of technological unemployment. 3.1.4 Regional Unemployment The structural unemployment which takes portion within the peculiar part will be doing regional unemployment. For illustration when the diminution in coal excavation industry takes portion it makes the diminution in the coal excavation at the whole part. 3.1.5 Seasonal Unemployment Takes portion during the demand for labour alterations harmonizing to the clip period. For illustration for a fisherman can non travel to sea if there is rainy/monsoon season, a tourer usher will merely hold work during school vacations or off-peak season and so husbandmans will be unemployed during non-harvesting or monsoon/rainy months. 4.0 Disequilibrium Unemployment Disequilibrium Unemployment is where normally due to the infliction of the minimal pay Torahs by the authorities which is means there will be higher demand for occupations so the supply. 4.1 The Causes of Disequilibrium Unemployment 4.1.1 Real Wage Unemployment Returns portion when the trade brotherhoods use their monopoly power to demand pay phase higher than the market phase or even when the authorities sets the national lower limit pay phase higher than the market equilibrium. This can be besides known as disequilibrium unemployment. The rewards will be besides falls down and could be caused by minimal rewards, or the trade brotherhoods. 4.1.2 Growth in Labour Supply Unemployment Takes portion during the labour supply go higher without any associated addition in the demand for the labor will do of the equilibrium pay phase to fall below the mean existent pay rate. If the existent pay rate is gluey downwards so the disequilibrium unemployment will takes topographic point. 4.1.3 Cyclic Unemployment. This unemployment goes manus in manus with the concern rhythm. As the GDP go higher so the lower will be the cyclical unemployment at the extremum of the concern rhythm and so the frailty versa is besides true when the economic system is in the trough of the concern rhythm. During this clip the houses will be maintain the same degrees of employment and besides end product to construct up their stocks, but it will finally cut back production, ensuing in the unemployment. Once the state economic system out of the recession, so it starts to retrieve, so the employment rates will be starts to lift as the spread between existent end product and the possible end product narrows one time once more. For illustration in a recession when the aggregative demand falls so there will be a autumn in the end product, and hence houses will be employ less workers because they are bring forthing less goods. 5.0 Decision Other than these causes, there are besides other causes excessively, particularly for immature alumnuss. For illustration when a grade alumnus when a occupation with the basic pay of RM 1500, it will do him/she non satisfied with the rewards compared with their surveies. So so they will make up ones mind to happen another occupation. This makes them go unemployed boulder clay they find the rite and best suit occupation for them. As the causes of being unemployed is higher people and authorities should be more watchful and they besides should cognize the disadvantages of being unemployed.

animal testing speech essays

animal testing speech essays "Humans are the only hunters who kill when not hungry." This quote by Steven Spielberg refers to the millions of animals that are killed every year due to unecessary testing. How many of you here have animals at home? I myself have several dogs at home that I love dearly. Occasionaly, one of them will get sick and the vet will give me a liquid medicine to give them. Now, my dogs will not drink this voluntarily so the vet gives me a little syringe to put in the corner of my dogs mouth to make them swallow it. I feel bad enough forcing my dogs to take something that will help them. I can't imagine trying to force something down their throat to hurt them., which is what scientists do to thousands of animals every day. Today, Im here to convice you that testing on animals for the purpose of humans is wrong, unnecessary and also inaccurate. What I want to talk about over the next couple of minutes is, first, how inacurrate it is. Second, why it is wrong and unnecessary, and, third why it must change. They question on many peoples minds- should animal testing be legal? Yes or no? Lets start with the facts. "I think animal testing is a terrible idea; they get all nervous and give the wrong answers." This is a quote by an unknown author refering to the inaccuracy of animal testing. So why do companys and industrys spend thousands of dollars a year on these tests?, that is something i would like to know. Rodents are almost always the animals used in cancer research, however, rats are only 37% effective in determining the cause of cancer in humans. You could flip a coin and be more accurate. Also, less than 2% of human illnesses are ever seen in animals. 95% of drugs passed by animal tests are immediatly discarded as useless or dangerous to humans and 90% of animal test resul...

The First Historical Hobby and Home Computers

The First Historical Hobby and Home Computers The first Apple was just a culmination of my whole life. Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple Computers In 1975, Steve Wozniak was working for Hewlett Packard, the calculator manufacturers, by day and playing computer hobbyist by night, tinkering with the early computer kits like the Altair. All the little computer kits that were being touted to hobbyists in 1975 were square or rectangular boxes with non-understandable switches on them,† Wozniak said. He realized that the prices of some computer parts like microprocessors  and memory chips  had dropped so low that he could buy them with maybe a months salary. Wozniak decided that he and fellow hobbyist Steve Jobs could afford to  build their own home computer. The Apple I Computer Wozniak and Jobs released the Apple I computer on April Fools’ Day 1976. The Apple I was the first single circuit board home computer. It came with a video interface, 8k of RAM and a keyboard. The system incorporated some economical components like dynamic RAM and the  6502 processor, which was designed by Rockwell, produced by MOS Technologies and cost only about $25 dollars at the time.   The pair showed the prototype Apple I at a meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club,  a local computer hobbyist group based in Palo Alto, California. It was mounted on plywood with all the components visible. A local computer dealer, the Byte Shop, ordered 100 units if Wozniak and Jobs would agree to assemble the kits for their customers. About 200 Apple Is were built and sold over a 10-month period for the superstitious price of $666.66. The Apple II Computer Apple Computers was incorporated in 1977 and the Apple II computer model was released that year. When the  first West Coast Computer Faire was held in San Francisco, attendees saw the public debut of the Apple II, available for $1,298. The Apple II was also based on the 6502 processor, but it had color graphicsa first for a personal computer. It used an audio cassette drive for storage. Its original configuration came with 4 kb of RAM, but this was increased to 48 kb a year later and the cassette drive was replaced with a floppy disk drive. The Commodore PET The Commodore PET–a personal electronic transactor or, as rumor has it, named after the pet rock fad–was designed by Chuck Peddle. It was first presented at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in January 1977, and later at the West Coast Computer Faire. The Pet Computer also ran on the 6502 chip, but it cost only $795half the price of the Apple II. It included 4 kb of RAM, monochrome graphics and an audio cassette drive for data storage. Included was a version of BASIC in 14k of ROM. Microsoft developed its first 6502-based BASIC for the PET and sold the source code to Apple for Apple BASIC. The keyboard, cassette drive and small monochrome display all fit within the same self-contained unit. Jobs and Wozniak showed the Apple I prototype to Commodore and Commodore agreed to buy Apple at one point in time, but  Steve Jobs ultimately decided not to sell. Commodore bought MOS Technology instead and designed the PET. The Commodore PET was Apple’s chief rival at the time.   The TRS-80 Microcomputer Radio Shack introduced its TRS-80 microcomputer, also nicknamed the Trash-80,† in 1977. It was based on the Zilog Z80 processor, an 8-bit microprocessor whose instruction set is a superset of the Intel 8080. It came with 4 kb of RAM and 4 kb of ROM with BASIC. An optional expansion box enabled memory expansion and audio cassettes were used for data storage, similar to the PET and the first Apples. Over 10,000 TRS-80s were sold during the first month of production. The later TRS-80 Model II came complete with a disk drive for program and data storage. Only Apple and Radio Shack had machines with disk drives  at that time. With the introduction of the disk drive, applications for the personal home computer proliferated as the distribution of software became easier.

Kindly see the attachment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Kindly see the attachment - Research Paper Example However, these fractions of art are not restricted from critique based on academic approaches. Therefore, this paper will identify three artists from high Renaissances, compare and contrast two works from each of them. The term Renaissance was derived from French, whereby it was a word referring to "rebirth" (Burke, 1). This period marked a transition for the classical styles, which had been obtained from the Greek and Roman artist. In high Renaissances, Raphael Raffaello Sanzio, Michelangelo Buonarroti and Leonardo da Vinci were considered geniuses due their astounding talent; in fact, there were other hundreds of artists during this period, since "Renaissance" reigned in entire Europe (Burke, 2). On the other hand, "Renaissance" was a process that existed for a long period; in fact, it occurred over centuries. However, numerous artists during the high Renaissance created their masterpieces under the influence of their religion, and their value was based on techniques and accuracy ( Burke, 2). Raphael Raffaello Sanzio Works of Art Artist name: Raphael Raffaello Sanzio Title: The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple Year: 1511 Medium: Handmade Oil Painting Kren Emil and Marx Daniel. â€Å"Raphael Raffaello Sanzio: The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple† Web Gallery of Art. 1996. Web. 11 April 2013. ... The composition of this painting is enhanced through breaking of symmetry and colorful effects depicted through the Stanza della Segnatura (Kren and Marx, 1). Furthermore, the focal point of this scene is shifted at the right side of the painting, where Heliodorus is lying beside the stolen treasures. Pope Julius is dominating the left side of this painting as a bystander, who reappears subsequently in the scene (Kren and Marx, 1). Nevertheless, in this painting there is an illumination of caused by a reflection of glow in the vault at the center, and a section of blue sky appearing via coffered ceiling. Artist name: Raphael Raffaello Sanzio Title: The Vision of Ezekiel Year: 1518 Medium: Oil on panel Kren Emil and Marx Daniel. â€Å"Raphael Raffaello Sanzio: The Vision of Ezekiel† Web Gallery of Art. 1996. Web. 11 April 2013. Ideas in this painting were derived from the Bible, whereby Raphael took this chance to describe four Cherubim, which was inspired by iconography from B abylon (Kren and Marx, 1). Therefore, this painting offers a portrayal of conventional divinity incorporated with conventional symbols of Evangelists. There is a turbulent sky visible in the painting; some trees are dominating low wide background, while the divine group hovering in the midst of the clouds, while they are encircled by bright illumination. Some of Evangelists symbols in this painting include the angle, eagle, lion, ox and cherubs (Kren and Marx, 1). Ezekiel has been insignificantly depicted through this painting at the background; in fact, he is hardly noticeable due domination of balanced composition of colors

Alice Walker and her Life Annotated Bibliography

Alice Walker and her Life - Annotated Bibliography Example The writers life is heralded through a narration of her childhood days and how she grew up. Through this effort, Lazo identifies the links between her parents and family and the old traces of segregation and oppression of Black people which shaped the mindset and personality of Alice Walker. This is narrated skillfully in the first three chapters of the book which are on her early years. Lazo then goes on to describe how her injuries and difficulties as a child shaped her adult life in the era of the civil rights movements and other discourses which gave her the impetus to write and publish her books. This work provides a very authoritative discussion about how Alice Walker was shaped and how she evolved to become who she is now. This will be an important element in the research because it will provide a reference point for the assessment of Alice Walkers personality. The book also discusses some of the social activities that Alice Walker is connected with at the moment. Professor Bloom is a world acclaimed lecturer at Yale. He is a top professor in the Humanities. He has won a lot of prizes for his ability to critique literary works and provide the literary elements of such projects. Her book on Alice Walker provides a complete guide to Alice Walkers literary style. Bloom gives a critical analysis of her major works and identifies the main elements of literature in each of the books. This is done through a series of critical essays that provide in-depth evaluations of each and every important tool that Alice Walker used to convey her plot and characters. This is vital for the research because it provides a convenient point through which references can be made about the literary elements of Alice Walkers works. Also, since it is a compilation of various critiques, it provides a summary of the plot of Alice Walkers major projects. This will give an insight into projects that cannot be read in-depth for some critical

Controversies in ECMO

Controversies in ECMO Parag Gharde, Sandeep Chauhan   Controversy is defined as â€Å"Public debate about a matter which arouses conflicting opinion.† (Oxford English Dictionary) ECMO or ECLS- To start with there is controversy regarding the name itself. There are two abbreviations that we commonly come across in literature ECMO- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECLS- extracorporeal life support This support system is used in different clinical settings where the reversible organ dysfunction has affected the lung, the heart or both. When lung rest is needed the veno-venous ECMO system is used and for providing cardiac rest veno-arterial system is used. The term extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) came into being when Dr. J. Donald Hill first used it successfully in a road traffic accident victim who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome after multiple blood transfusions. Since lung rest and oxygenation was the main therapeutic requirement, the life support system was named ECMO. But since this support system is now often being used in patients requiring cardiac support where the native lung is functioning well, the term ECMO is not suitable and hence the term ECLS is now in common use in clinical practice. The ECMO society itself is named as â€Å"Extracorporeal Life Support Organization-ELSO†. Therefore the reader should not get confused when they come across the terms- ECMO and ECLS, both meaning the same but to the author the term ECLS appears to be more appropriate as it can be used interchangeably whether support is required for the lung, the heart or for both. The use of the term ECMO is justified only if it is being used to support pulmonary function with the aim of giving rest to the lung. Does ELSO work? After the first successful use of ECLS in an adult, which was reported by Hill etal in 1972 (NEJM 1972; 26: 629-34.), the National Institute of Health sponsored a multicenter randomized study by Zapol etal in 1974, which showed 90% mortality in both ECLS and conventional care group. The anticipated enrolment for the study was 300 patients but the study was stopped after just 92 patients, as the death rates were similar in both the groups. This prospective randomized trial deflated the initial euphoria that was generated by the report of Hill etal. Was this supposed to be a certain miscarriage of a support system devised to deal with patients who are non-responders to conventional medical practice, even before seeing the light of the day? This study was conducted in adults with hypoxic respiratory failure and published in 1979. (JAMA 1979; 242:2193-2196). This first prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial demands a close scrutiny. During the study period a nation wide epidem ic of influenza pneumonia broke out, which might have affected the results. Though the protocol included lung rest but the inflation pressures were high compared to the present recommendation, which may have caused lung injury. VA ECLS was used rather than VV ECLS, which may be responsible for high incidence of pulmonary micro-thrombosis due to decreased pulmonary blood flow. ECMO was instituted after a mean duration of 9 days of mechanical ventilation, which in the present era has been reduced to 7 days. Morrios etal (Am J Respir Crit Care Med-1994;149(3);88) randomized 40 patients with sever ARDS to either pressure controlled inverse ratio ventilation or extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal. Survival at 30 days was not significantly different (42% in mechanical ventilation group and 33% in ECLS group). After these two randomized trials, showing failure of ECLS in the adult setup had put ECLS into disrepute despite many anecdotal mini case series and isolated case reports showing the benefits were published. The much awaited CESAR trial (Efficacy and economic assessment of Conventional ventilator support versus Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for Severe Adult Respiratory failure), a multicenter randomized controlled trial by Peek etal was published in Lancet 2009. (Lancet. 2009:374:1351-1363.) 180 patients were randomized and 90 patients were managed at the participating tertiary care centers while 90 were referred to Glenfield hospital. Five patients in the ECMO referral group died during transportation and thus the ECMO group consisted of 68 patients of which 43 survived to 6 months (63%). This study showed that survival apart from appropriate time of institution of ECLS also significantly depends on the expertise of the ECLS conducting center. There is no consensus on the optimal time for institution of ECLS. Waiting too long will result in danger of end organ dysfunction and poor outcome, while too early institution without optimizing medical therapy will expose the patient to the inherent risk of ECLS. The success in ECLS has been with neonatal acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with survival to discharge rates reaching 80%. The success story started with Bartlett etal reporting the first successful use of ECLS in a neonate in 1976. Extracorporeal carbon-dioxide removal (ECCO2R) A membrane lung is used to remove carbon dioxide in conditions of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A low flow is required and is perfused by femoral artery-venous shunt. Low blood flow is not adequate for performing oxygenation. Morris etal conducted a randomized control trial using this device to eliminate CO2. This trial showed no difference between ECCO2R and the conventional treatment and the study was stopped after enrolling 40 patients only. The ECCO2R arm used low flow in a group of patients with severe lung disease, which warranted higher ECMO flows. Before starting the trial, the trial team had limited experience on sheep and one patient.(Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1994:149; 295-305.) Effective CO2 clearance is achieved with blood flow as little as 10-15ml/kg/min, while oxygenation requires at least 50-60 ml/kg/min of blood flow. Nova lung (Germany) produces a membrane lung, which can be perfused using femoral arterio-venous shunt, enough blood flow for CO2 removal. ECLS Vs Ventricular assist device (VAD) Patients with failing heart and waiting for heart transplant need a bridge to transplant till the time a donor heart is available. If these patients develop acute exacerbation of cardiac dysfunction, which route should be chosen- ECLS or VAD? There are no guidelines regarding this situation. The main advantage ECLS holds over VAD is in patients with bi-ventricular dysfunction, which will require a bi-VAD. VA-ECLS on other hand can support both the ventricles along with respiratory failure and refractory pulmonary artery hypertension. The only limitation is the duration of support, which at most is 4-6 weeks. Cardiac ECLS The controversy is regarding patient selection. Though ECLS guideline clearly defines presence of a reversible condition before institution of ECLS, there are situation when it’s difficult to predict if the condition is reversible and most often the decision is surgeon dependent who may have a biased opinion regarding the true indication for instituting ECLS. This usually results in financial burden, resource and manpower wastage, bad outcome, lowers the moral of the team and loss of faith in the support system (ECLS). When is the ideal time to institute ECLS in cardiac surgical patient? Is it ideal to institute ECLS directly from CPB or to initiate it later in the intensive care unit after giving a trial? It has been shown that survival benefits were more in patients who went on ECLS directly from CPB thus avoiding the ill effects of prolonged low cardiac output state or subsequent to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the intensive care unit. Antegarde or retrograde ECLS Retrograde ECLS via femoral artery cannulation especially for cardiac support in a failing left ventricle is not a good option. The failing heart with this form of support has to compete with retrograde ECLS flow from the femoral artery cannula. This causes increase in LV wall stress and may even result in mitral regurgitation both of which increase left atrial (LA) pressure, thus affecting gas exchange due to pulmonary congestion. This may impair oxygenation and delivery of inadequately oxygenated blood to coronary and cerebral artery circulation will further worsen cardiac function and delay recovery. Therefore central ECLS with aortic cannulation has some advantage over peripheral ECLS, especially in case of cardiac support. But central ECLS takes time to initiate and is ideal in post cardiac surgery setup. In an emergency situation peripheral ECLS is easy to institute. Serial echocardiography needs to be done to rule out LA distention. If LA distention is present then placement o f an LA vent is necessary via percutaneous atrial septostomy. Some prefer retrograde ECLS because of the fact that 10-15% patients suffer from stroke when carotid artery was used for arterial cannulation in profound hypotension or arrest. Neck vessels are used in children up to 5-6 years and femoral access in older patients. Limb ischemia is common with femoral artery cannulation and may require additional distal limb perfusion. Is axillary artery cannulation a better option? This can provide sufficiently oxygenated blood to the upper body, which is lacking with retrograde flow. The issue of limb ischemia is also addressed. The decreased pulmonary blood flow in full support VA ECLS may increase the risk of thrombus formation, in the pulmonary circulation, because of lower levels of anticoagulation. Does the type of oxygenator influence outcome? In vitro studies reported problems with Biomedicus (Medtronic, USA) pump heads. Thiara etal demonstrated improved circuit durability and reduced hemolysis when changing from Biomedicus (Minimax oxygenator) circuit to a Rotaflow (Lilliput 2 oxygenator), but failed to demonstrate survival improvement. (Perfusion, 2007;22:323-26). The earlier oxygenators were spiral wound silicone membrane oxygenator (Affinity, Avecor Cardiovascular Inc, USA), and the recent multiple hollow fibers

Cell Energetics Study Guide

Cellular Energetics Study Guide 1. Overall Metabolism a. Oxidation – a molecule LOSSES hydrogen, energy is RELEASED b. Reduction – a molecule GAINS hydrogen, energy is GAINED and stored (the more reduced a molecule is, the more energy is stored in its COVALENT BONDS) *** Always occur in a coupled pair (RED-OX)*** c. Electron Carriers i. Oxidizing Agents: are REDUCED to OXIDIZE another molecule 1. NAD+ – oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvate in glycolysis, oxidizes pyruvate to CO2 in the Kreb’s cycle (gets reduced to NADH) 2.NADP+- oxidizes H2O to O2 during the Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis, final electron acceptor from chlorophyll (PSI) (gets reduced to NADPH) 3. FAD+- oxidizes NADH to NAD during glycolysis and transported to the mitochondrion (gets reduced to FADHs) ii. Reducing Agents: are OXIDIZED to REDUCE another molecule 4. NADH- reduces 2 pyruvate to 2 lactic acid in fermentation, reduces O2 during the respiratory chain (gets oxidized to NAD) *CANNOT pass through the mitochondrion* 5.NADPH- reduces CO2 to form carbohydrates (Calvin Cycle) in the Dark Reactions of photosynthesis (gets oxidized to NADP) 6. FADH2- reduces O2 during the respiratory chain (gets oxidized to FAD) *CAN pass through the mitochondrion* 2. Phosphorylation: Formation of ATP (ADP + P ATP) d. Substrate-level: direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate to ADP * Only occurs during glycolysis when O2 is not needed to function * Only a small amount of ATP is produced this way e.Electron Transfer /Chemiosmosis: the movement of protons (H+) down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase that can HARNESS THE ENERGY OF THAT GRADIENT (proton-motive force) to bond ADP and phosphate to create ATP through oxidative phosphorylation * Occurs during the Light Dependent Reaction * 90% of ATP is produced this way 3. Photosynthesis f. Balanced Net Reaction: light 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 g. Light Dependent Reaction – occurs on the thylakoid lumen iii. Photol ysis – oxidation of H2O to release electrons used to return PSII to ground state iv.NADP Reduction – NADP receives an electron from PSI as it passes through electron transfer chains, reducing it to NADPH+. Electrons are passed from excited atoms that gain energy from a photon. v. ATP Synthesis – ATP is produced by chemiosmotic phosphorylation. Proton gradient (within the thylakoid interior) is made as electrons from photosystems are passed through proton pumps. h. Light Independent Reaction – occurs in the stroma vi. CO2 fixation: RuBP + CO2 2 PGA (a form that can be easily reduced).The reaction is catalyzed by RUBISCO. 7. In the presence of oxygen, RuBP + O2 Bad Sugar; process is called photorespiration. Plants overcome this by keeping a HIGH concentration of CO2. Land plants must compromise opening the stroma to maintain high CO2 concentration with loss of H2O. There are 2 additional adaptations that evolved: a. C-4 Pathway – formation of Oxaloac etate (C-4) from CO2 + PEP (C-3). Occurs in outer cells (mesophyll). Calvin cycle occurs in inner cells only (closer to supply of CO2, bundle sheath). b.CAM Pathway – like C-4, but fixation only occurs at night, when water loss is minimal. Found in desert plants, like cacti. vii. Calvin Cycle 8. PGA is reduced to PGAL using the products of the light dependent reaction, NADPH (oxidized) and ATP (provides energy) 9. One-sixth of the PGAL produced is used to create glucose for the cell to grow and repair. 10. Five-sixths of the PGAL is used to produce RuBP, completing the cycle (energy requiring). 4. Cellular Respiration i. Balanced Net Reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O j.Glycolysis – occurs in the cytoplasm. All organisms carry out this process. viii. Glucose is double phosphorylated by 2 ATP and broken up into two three carbon phosphorylated molecules called PGAL ix. Each PGAL is phosphorylated by a free phosphate and ADP to form Biphosphoglycerate (BPG) while NAD is reduced to NADH. x. Each BPG aides in Substrate Level Phosphorylation of two ADP’s to form 2 ATP’s. Water is released. The remaining 3 carbon molecule is pyruvate. k. Fermentation – when pyruvate is used to oxidize NADH to replenish NAD+.Only produces 2 ATP per glucose through glycolysis. Some organisms (anaerobic) do it exclusively. Occurs regularly in all cells, but products can build up when NAD supplied through reduction of pyruvate is not available. 2 Forms: xi. Alcoholic – produces ethanol and CO2 from reduction of pyruvate. xii. Lactic acid – produces lactic acid from the reduction of pyruvate. l. Kreb’s Cycle – NAD required to begin. Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. xiii. Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA, Reduced by _______, Releases 1 NADH. iv. Acetyl CoA is added to Oxaloacetate to form Citrate. xv. Citrate is broken down releasing 2 H2O and is oxidized 4x: by NAD+ thrice an d once by FAD+. One Substrate Level phosphorylation occurs producing ATP. Oxaloacetate is the product and continues the cycle by being added to the next available acetyl CoA. m. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation – takes place on the cristae (inner mitochondrial) membrane. xvi. NADH and FADH2, products of Glycolysis and Krebs are oxidized by Q (molecule embedded in the membrane).Electrons are passed to cytochrome and protons are pumped into the proton pumps. xvii. The protons diffuse back through ATP synthase in a process called chemiosmosis. The energy harnessed allows an oxidative phosphorylation of ATP. (3 for each NADH, 2 for each FADH2) xviii. Free protons in the matrix and the electrons accepted by E. T. C are passed to O2, which is reduced to water. Stomata Allows gas exchange; since a lot of water can be lost, plants only open stomata for photosynthesis in daylight; at night they close to reduce loss of water. **CAM plants keep their stomates closed duri ng day and open at night*** Mesophyll C-3 Plants: Calvin Cycle during day C-4 Plants: CO2 combines with 3 carbon molecule PEP to form C-4 acid CAM Plants: stores CO2 in organic compounds that are synthesized at night Bundle sheath C-4 Plants: Calvin Cycle during day CAM Plants: Calvin Cycle during day Thylakoid lumen Light dependent reactions Stroma Calvin Cycle/Light independent reactions Inner membrane E. T. C. Cytoplasm Glycolysis & Fermentaion Matrix Kreb’s Cycle Diagrams (know following structures and what takes place there)

Akhenaten Heretic and Pharaoh of New Kingdom Egypt

Akhenaten (ca. 1379–1336 BCE) was one of the last pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom Egypt, who is known for briefly establishing monotheism in the country. Akhenaten drastically revised the religious and political structure of Egypt, developed new art and architectural styles, and generally caused great chaos during the Middle Bronze Age.   Fast Facts: Akhenaten Known For: Egyptian pharaoh who briefly established monotheismAlso Called: Amenhotep IV, Amenophis IV, Ikhnaten, Osiris Neferkheprure-waenre, NapkhureyaBorn: ca. 1379 BCEParents: Amenhotep (Amenophis in Greek) III and Tiye (Tiy, Tiyi)  Died: ca. 1336 BCERuled: ca. 1353–1337 BCE, Middle Bronze Age,18th Dynasty New KingdomEducation: Several tutors, including ParenneferMonuments: Akhetaten (the capital city of Amarna), KV-55, where he was buriedSpouses: Nefertiti (1550–1295 BCE), Kiya Monkey, the Younger Lady, two of his daughtersChildren: Six daughters by Nefertiti, including Meritaten and Ankhesenpaaten; perhaps three sons by the Younger Lady, including Tutankhamun Early Life   Akhenaten was born as Amenhotep IV (in Greek Amenophis IV) in the 7th or 8th year of his fathers reign (ca. 1379 BCE). He was the second son to Amenhotep III (ruled ca. 1386 to 1350 BCE) and his primary wife Tiy. Little is known about his life as a crown prince. Brought up in the palace, he would likely have been assigned retainers to educate him. Tutors may have included the Egyptian high priest Parennefer (Wennefer); his uncle, the Heliopolitan priest Aanen; and the builder and architect known as Amenhotep son of Hapu. He was raised at the palace complex at Malqata, where he had his own apartments. Amenhotep IIIs heir was to be his eldest son, Thutmosis, but when he died unexpectedly, Amenhotep IV was made heir and at one point co-regent to his father for perhaps the last two or three years of his reign.   Early Regnal Years   Amenhotep IV likely ascended to the throne of Egypt as a teenager. There is some evidence that he took the legendary beauty Nefertiti as a consort while he was co-king, although she is not acknowledged as queen until after Amenhotep IV began his transformation. They had six daughters but no sons; the oldest, Meritaten and Ankhesenpaaten, were to become wives of their father.   During his first regnal year, Amenhotep IV ruled from Thebes, the traditional seat of power in Egypt, and remained there for five years, calling it the southern Heliopolis, the first great seat of Re. His father had built his authority on the basis of being a divine representative of Re, the Egyptian sun god. Amenhotep IV continued that practice, but his attention was focused primarily on his connection to Re-Horakhty (Horus of the two horizons or God of the East), an aspect of Re.   The Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten (18th dynasty) and his family on the balcony of his palace. The pharaoh submits gifts from the sun to the priest Ai and his wife. Wood engraving, published in 1879. ZU_09 / Getty Images Changes to Come: The First Jubilee   Beginning with the first dynasty of the Old Kingdom, pharaohs held sed festivals, over-the-top parties of eating, drinking, and dancing that were jubilees of kingly renewal. Neighboring kings in the Mediterranean were invited, as were nobles and the general populace. Normally, but by no means always, kings held their first jubilee after they had ruled 30 years. Amenhotep III celebrated three, beginning with his 30th year as pharaoh. Amenhotep IV broke with tradition and held his first sed festival in his second or third year as pharaoh.   To prepare for the jubilee, Amenhotep IV began building a huge number of temples, including several near the ancient temple of Karnak. There were so many temples required that Amenhotep IVs architects invented a new building style to speed things up, using smaller blocks (talatats). The largest temple Amenhotep IV built at Karnak was Gemetpaaten (the Aten is Found), built perhaps as early as the second year of his reign. It had several royal greater-than-lifesized statues made in a new art style, located north of the temple of Amun, and near a mudbrick palace for the king. Amenhoteps jubilee didnt celebrate Amun, Ptah, Thoth, or Osiris; there was only one god represented: Re, the sun god. Further, Res representation—a falcon-headed god—disappeared to be replaced by a new form called Aten, a solar disc extending rays of light ending in curved hands bearing gifts to the king and queen.   Art and Imagery Akhenaten and Nefertiti worship the Aten, Tall al-Amarnah (Amarna, Tell el-Amarna), necropolis, detail of stele, relief. G Sioen / De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images The first changes in the artistic representation of the king and Nefertiti began early in his reign. At first, the figures are modeled true to life in a way never seen in Egyptian art before. Later, the faces of both he and Nefertiti are drawn down, their limbs thin and elongated and their bodies bloated.   Scholars have debated the reasons for this peculiar almost other-worldly representations, but perhaps the figures represent Akhenatens notions of the infusion of light brought from the solar disk into the bodies of the king and queen. Certainly the 35-year-old skeleton found in Akhenatens tomb KV-55 does not have the physical deformities illustrated in Akhenatens depictions.  Ã‚   True Revolution   The fourth temple built at Karnak in the 4th year of his reign, called Hutbenben the Temple of the benben stone, is the earliest example of the revolutionary style of the new pharaoh. On its walls were pictured the transformation of Amenophis III to the godly sphere, and the renaming of his son from  Amenophis (the god Amun is content) to Akhenaten (he who is effective on the Atens behalf.   Akhnaten soon relocated with 20,000 people to a new capital city, named Akhetaten (and known to archaeologists as Amarna), while it was still under construction. The new city would be dedicated to Aten and built far from the capitals of Thebes and Memphis.   Ruins of Pharaoh Akhenatons capital Tell el-Amarna (Akhetaten). New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty. G. Sioen / Getty Images The temples there had gateways to keep out the masses, hundreds of altars open to the air and no roofs over the sanctuary—visiting dignitaries complained about having to stand in the sun for a long time. In one of the surrounding walls was cut the Window of Appearances, where Akhenaten and Nefertiti could be seen by his people.   The religious beliefs espoused by Akhenaten are not described anywhere, except that the god is far away, radiant, untouchable. Aten created and fashioned the cosmos, authorized life, created people and languages and light and dark. Akhenaten attempted to abolish most of the complex mythology of the solar cycle—no longer was it a nightly struggle against the forces of evil, nor were there explanations for the existence of sorrow and evil in the world.   As a replacement for a 2,000-year-old tradition, Akhenatens religion lacked some important underpinnings, in particular, an afterlife. Instead of having a detailed pathway for people to follow, shepherded by Osiris, people could only hope to be reawakened in the morning, to bask in the suns rays. Extremism on the Nile Akhenatens revolution became ugly as time progressed. He demanded more and more temples to be built as rapidly as possible—the South Cemetery at Amarna contains the remains of children whose bones show evidence of hard physical labor. He demoted the Theban gods (Amun, Mut, and Khonsu), had their temples dismantled, and killed or sent away the priests. By the 12th year of his reign, Nefertiti disappeared—some scholars believe she became the new co-king, Ankhheperure Neferneferuaten. The next year, two of their daughters died, and his mother Queen Tiy died in the 14th year. Egypt suffered a devastating military loss, losing its territories in Syria. And the same year, Akhenaten became a true fanatic.   Ignoring the foreign political losses, Akhenaten instead sent out his agents bearing chisels and orders to destroy all carved references to Amun and Mut, even if they were carved on granite stele many stories above the ground, even if they were small hand-held personal items, even if they were used to spell Amenhotep IIIs name. A total eclipse occurred on May 14, 1338 BCE, and it lasted for over six minutes, which must have seemed an omen of displeasure from the kings chosen parent. Death and Legacy After a brutal reign of 17 years, Akhenaten died and his successor—who may have been Nefertiti—immediately but slowly began dismantling the physical elements of Akhenatens religion. His son Tutankhamun (ruled ca. 1334–1325, a child of the consort known as the Younger Wife) and the earliest 19th dynasty pharaohs led by Horemheb (ruled ca. 1392–1292 BCE) continued to tear down the temples, chisel out Akhenatens name, and bring back the old traditional forms of belief. Although there is no recorded dissension or push back from the people while the king lived, once he was gone, everything was disassembled. Sources and Further Reading Cooney, Kara. When Women Ruled the World, Six Queens of Egypt. Washington DC: National Geographic Partners, 2018. Print.Kemp, Barry J., et al. Life, Death and Beyond in Akhenatens Egypt: Excavating the South Tombs Cemetery at Amarna. Antiquity 87.335 (2013): 64–78. Print.Redford, Donald B. Akhenaten: New Theories and Old Facts. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 369 (2013): 9–34. Print.Reeves, Nicholas. Akhenaten: Egypts False Prophet. Thames and Hudson, 2019. Print.Rose, Mark. Whos in Tomb 55? Archaeology 55.2 (2002): 22–27. Print.Shaw, Ian, ed. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Print.Strouhal, Eugen. Biological Age of Skeletonized Mummy from Tomb KV 55 at Thebes. Anthropologie 48.2 (2010): 97–112. Print.